Islamic Republic of Pakistan

 

Chief D.M.  – Alfred Pearson

Ambassador – Miroslava Hernandez

Ambassador – John Williams


 


Govt. type: Federal Republic

Capital City:  Islamabad

Population: 141,553,775

Area: 499,547 Square Miles

Currency: Pak Rupee

GNP: $239 Billion

Per capita income: $460 (USA)

Independence: 08.14.1947

(From United Kingdom)

National Flower: Jasmine

Literacy rate: 38.9%

Ethnic composition: 95% Muslims, 5% others

Languages: Urdu (National)  English (Official)

National holiday - Pakistan Day, March 23 (1956) (proclamation of the republic)

Flag description - Green with a vertical white bar on end, symbolizing religious minorities; A large white crescent with star are centered in the green area, the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam.

Constitution - April 10, 1973,  though suspended July 5, 1977 and restored with amendments on December 30, 1985; suspended again on October 15, 1999 because of military takeover.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pakistan’s major foreign policy objectives are focusing on settling disputes and making friends abroad The latest testing of nuclear weapons created more hostility between Pakistan and India, in addition to the conflict over the Kashmir territory. It is extremely important for Pakistan to eliminate its image as a terrorist nation. The strengthening of the ties that Pakistan already has with China is also one of Pakistan’s foreign policy goals. This is important for the unity and security of the people of Pakistan, and for the growth of Pakistan as a strong nation with better economy and with a better place in global affairs, including economic and political affairs.

The domestic problems of Pakistan are the chronic economic and social problems. The Pakistanis have been facing rapid growth of ethnic and religious radicalism, separatism and terrorism. These issues could have the gravest consequences for the stability of Pakistan, and they directly interfere with the country’s foreign policy goals.

Last summer’s limited war in the mountains of Kashmir and Pakistan’s military coup in October badly damaged the Pakistan-India relations.

These issues affect Pakistan’s foreign policy goals, as much as it affects Pakistan’s internal affairs. For those reasons, the aim of public policy is to strengthen national security and to work for the glory of Islam through uniting the Islamic world.

The Nuclear Weapon Conflict

Background: Fast Facts

1974 India explodes a nuclear device and becomes the sixth nation in the world with nuclear power.

May 11, 1998 India again tests nuclear weapons and is criticized by leaders of other nations around the world.

May 28, 1998 In response, Pakistan detonates three nuclear devices in a remote western region of the country.

 

Zulfiqar Ali Bbhutto was the founder of Pakistan’s Nuclear Program, initially as Minister for Fuel, Power and Natural Resources, and later as President and Prime Minister.  Pakistan

‘s nuclear program was launched in earnest shortly after the loss of East Pakistan in the 1971 war with India, when Bhutto initiated a program to develop nuclear weapons with a meeting of physicists and engineers at Multan in January 1972.  In 1974 India successfully tested a nuclear “device.”  Bhutto reacted strongly to this test and said Pakistan must develop its own “Islamic bomb.”  A major advance jump to Pakistan’s nuclear program was the arrival of Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1975, who brought with him the plans for uranium enrichment centrifuges, and lists of sources of the necessary technology.  On this basis, Pakistan initially focused its development efforts on highly enriched uranium (HEU), and exploited an extensive clandestine procurement network to support these efforts.  A.Q. Khan evidently persuaded Pakistan to work with Uranium (as compared to Plutonium) because Plutonium involves more arduous and hazardous procedures and cumbersome and expensive processes.  Pakistan’s activities were initially centered in a few facilities.  A.Q. Khan founded the Engineering Research Laboratories al Kahuta in 1976, which later to become the Dr. A q. Khan Research Laboratories (KRL). Pakistan’s dependence on China grew as Western export controls and enforcement mechanisms have grown more stringent.  China’s nuclear assistance predates the 1986 Sino-Pakistani atomic cooperation agreement, with some of the most critical transfers occurring from 1980 through 1985.  China is reported to have provided Pakistan with the design of one of its warheads, as well as sufficient HEU for a few weapons.  As of the mid- 1990s it was widely reported that Pakistan’s stockpile consisted of as many as 10 nuclear warheads based on a Chinese design.In May 28, 1998, Pakistan detonated five simultaneous nuclear tests of boosted devices made with highly enriched uranium (HEU), which Samar Mobarik Mand, head of the nuclear test program, claimed produced a total yield in the range of 40 to 45 kilotons. India disputes this, contending that the total yield of the Pakistani tests was in the range of 10-15 kilotons. Pakistan conducted an additional nuclear test on May 30. Mand claimed the yield was in the range of 15-18 kilotons.

China provided Pakistan almost the entire nuclear program. China even supplied a tested nuclear bomb design to Pakistan in the early 80s, probably the same design tested by Pakistan.

Pakistan developed uranium enrichment capability on the pretense that uranium would be used to fuel its civilian reactors, which operate on natural, unenriched uranium.

 

When asked why nuclear weapons are so popular in Pakistan, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto answered, It’s our history.  A history of 3 wars with a larger neighbor.  India  is five times larger than we are, their military strength is five times larger.  In 1971, our country was disintegrated.  So the security issue for Pakistan is an issue of survival.”

 

India and Pakistan both stated that the goal should be the achievement of a nuclear weapons convention.

 

Mr. Muhammad Siddique Khan Kanju,  Minister for Foreign Affairs of Pakistan stated, “ Nuclear weapons must be banned and eliminated just as chemical and biological weapons have been prohibited…As a first step the adoption of a universal and legally binding multilateral agreement committing all states to the objective of the complete elimination of nuclear weapons.”

Enemies

The friction between Pakistan and India dates back more than 5 decades when Great Britain carved the Muslim state of Pakistan out of Indian territory. This partition caused religious and territorial issues that have been basis of the conflict. I

Alliances

One country that in the recent past has gained somewhat of an alliance with Pakistan is The People’s Republic of China where both countries have agreed on shared weapons development. China has long been a steady weapons importer to Pakistan which is why this agreement exists, and probably explains the reason why Pakistan is able to have Nuclear Weapon research and development capabilities. With the threat of regional Nuclear missiles an a decent third world Navy and over 500,000 men in the Army, Pakistan is a formidable opponent to anyone especially those in the Persian Gulf Theater.

Pakistan’s role in how they are affected by the five domestic variables is somewhat cloudy due to a military takeover on October 15, 1999 and instability will be the trend for sometime to come. However, looking at the five variables Governmental and Societal variables can go either way in importance as rapidly changing events and government rules are changing by the day, as shown by the suspension of the constitution The systemic variable in Pakistan is very important right now as some type of stability is trying to be reached by the new ruler of the country, though his behavior to disrupt the elected government shows a clear sense of instability. but the role is not an unimportant characteristic aspect of Pakistan as the elected leader is still looked at as the leader though only for ceremonial events, though decisions are made by the Chief Executive (Military Leader who took over the country).Pakistan’s foreign policy objectives are primarily to bring a more positive view of Pakistan as a respectful country in order to help its declining economic picture. But with nuclear weapons and illegal drug production, Pakistan doesn’t provide the image or trust to create foreign allies as easily as one without such issues even more so now with the disruption of elected officials and the turmoil of the takeover. Pakistan imports more than they export which is not a good sign of a strong nation, as external debt and internal problems (evident of the military takeover last year) have created a declining economic situation. Pakistan buys machinery, oil products, transportation equipment, and foodstuffs from a wide variety of sources throughout the world. One country that in the recent past has gained somewhat of an alliance with Pakistan is The People’s Republic of China where both countries have agreed on shared weapons development. China has long been a steady weapons importer to Pakistan which is why this agreement exists, and probably explains the reason why Pakistan is able to have Nuclear Weapon research and development capabilities. With the threat of regional Nuclear missiles plus a viable third world Navy and over 500,000 men in the Army, Pakistan is a formidable opponent to anyone.

 

Pakistan’s role in how they are affected by the five domestic variables is somewhat cloudy due to a military takeover on October 15, 1999 and instability will be the trend for sometime to come. Governmental and Societal variables can go either way in importance as rapidly changing events and government rules are changing by the day, as shown by the suspension of the constitution. The systemic variable in Pakistan is very important right now as some type of stability is trying to be reached by the new ruler of the country, though his idiosyncratic behavior to disrupt the elected government shows a clear sense of instability. but the role is not an unimportant Image that Pakistan disregards as the elected leader is still used as the leader for ceremonial events, though decisions are made by the new Chief Executive.

 

            Pakistan is a nation that in resent years is becoming a plural, multi-ethnic, multi-lingual society.  The center of this society is still found in its Islamic roots, which affect both the government as well as the overall stability of its people.  In fact, Pakistan is one of the only nations in the twentieth century that was created by the demand of a religious community for a political entity where the religion would be dominant.  Pakistan’s ideologies and its national pride are based strongly on the Islamic faith of its people.

            Pakistan’s ideologies are focused primarily on the preservation of Islamic traditions and teachings.  Ideology defined is a system of beliefs that explains and justifies a preferred sociopolitical order and that may offer a strategy for attainment of it.  Pakistan’s prime goal is safety.  The nation, although relatively young, has had trouble with neighboring countries in the past and present.  Pakistan’s continuing battle with the nation of India over the province of Kashmir has led to the raising of Pakistan’s military spending which now includes nuclear capabilities.  India as well has developed a nuclear arsenal and the two countries have become dangerous enemies.  Pakistan sociopolitical order is the Federal Islamic republic, which is based on the belief that that Islamic rule has the potential to solve the problems affecting the regime.  Pakistan becoming a nuclear power is primarily rooted in the idea of extreme protection.  They feel with a second strike capability the nations threatening Pakistan would fear attaching or invading their borders.  Pakistan’s problems don’t just deal with outside threats.  The country has had internal violence as well.  The violence, which has reached immense proportions, is tearing apart the country.  For Pakistan to implement its ideologies it must create a strategy to ease the tension on it’s own soil.  Constant conflicts concerning the Islamic faith are the key problems.  Due to the volatile atmosphere surrounding Pakistan it is hard for the country to broaden its views, the government feels that that they must focus on stability.  With an ideology of protection Pakistan has had trouble advancing in other areas as well.  They are not able to improve education or living situations for their people as much as they would be able to if the military did not receive such high priority.  If Pakistan was able to negotiate a cease fire with India the government could then begin to piece together the problems that effect the one hundred and twenty six million people that make up it’s population.  The future ideology of Pakistan must have a peaceful intent in mind for the country to survive.

            As with their ideologies Pakistan’s nationalism is founded in their strong religious beliefs.  The definition of nationalism is the desire by people with a sense of self-identity as a nation to control their own affairs and possibly exclude others from them.  The self-identity of Pakistan is found in the Muslim religion.  A trend of born again Muslims is sweeping the country.  In the past the Muslims were feared and persecuted, they were unable to express themselves and had to keep their faith silent.  Today Muslims are able to embrace their religion and share it with others.  The has led to a sense of unity among Muslims.  The Muslim religion is focused on Islamic norms, precepts, values, and rituals that dominate the culture.  Muslims are beginning to see their religion on a personnel level now where in the past the political level dominated.  The people of Pakistan are turning to their history as they feel the need to preserve their religious heritage.  This also leads to Pakistan’s problems with India.  Kashmir has a strong Muslim population, which wants to be united with Pakistan.  Pakistan with strong loyalty wants the same.  The Muslims in Kashmir feel a strong national pride in Islam and want to be able to express that feeling with other Muslims.  This continuing problem is one of many concerning religion.  The Islamic religion has factions fighting within.  The liberal minded Muslims have conflicts with the fundamentalists over interpretation as well as religious practices.  These conflicts have led to organized violence or “Islamic militancy” which has grown due to the international and domestic opposition.  This violence has hurt Pakistan’s economy as well.  In 1994, Pakistan’s largest city, Karachi, reportedly lost one billion dollars worth of foreign direct investment due to social turbulence.  For Pakistan to advance socially and politically some form of control must be had.  Religion does play a strong role in the identity of the nation, however Pakistan’s people would not prefer the country to become a theocratic state.  Pakistan is rich with history and culture.  The people of Pakistan are very proud of their ancestors and a new sense of preservation of this history is becoming a major national priority.  With Islamic, Post Islamic, and pre-Islamic periods no other country in the world can compare with Pakistan’s historic treasures and artifacts.  The conservation, preservation and publication of Pakistan’s national heritage is being spread throughout the world. 

            Pakistan is rich with history and turmoil.  Their ideologies and national pride are two important issues facing Pakistan’s government.  The Muslim population of Pakistan is also the backbone of these issues.  If Pakistan is to make any progress they must bring their people together, not tear them apart.

 

 

Government

 
Following a military takeover on October 12, 1999, Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Pervez Musharraf suspended Pakistan's constitution and assumed the additional title of Chief Executive; exercising the powers of the head of the government, he appointed an eight-member National Security Council to function as Pakistan's supreme governing body; President Mohammad Rafiq tarar remains the ceremonial chief of state

International disputes

Status of Kashmir with India; Water sharing problems with India over the Indus River.

Producer of illegal opium and hashish; Major transit area for Southwest Asian heroin traveling to Western Hemisphere; Narcotics still move from Afghanistan into Balochistan Province.

International agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Geography

 

Location - Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Geographic coordinates - 30 00 N, 70 00 E

Area
Total: 803,940 sq km
Land: 778,720 sq km
Water: 25,220 sq km

Land boundaries
Total - 6,774 km
Border countries - Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km

Coastline - 1,046 km

Maritime claims
Contiguous zone - 24 nm
Continental shelf - 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
Exclusive economic zone - 200 nm
Territorial sea - 12 nm

Climate - Hot and dry desert conditions exist in the “Thar Desert” along the border with India. The northwest is mostly temperate with arctic temperatures in the northern mountains.

Terrain - Flat Indus plains in the east; mountains in the north and northwest; and Balochistan plateau in the west.

Elevation extremes
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

Natural resources - land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Land use
Arable land - 27%
Permanent crops - 1%
Permanent pastures - 6%
Forests and woodland - 5%
Other - 61%

Irrigated land - 171,100 sq km

Natural hazards - High frequency of earthquakes, flooding along the Indus after heavy rains in July and August.

Environment - Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

International agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

People

 

Population -141,553,775 (68% live in rural areas)

Age structure
0-14 years - 41% (male 29,880,574; female 28,145,247)
15-64 years - 55% (male 39,751,222; female 37,981,378)
65 years and over - 4% (male 2,856,305; female 2,939,049)

Population growth rate - 2.17%

Birth rate - 32.11 births/1,000 population

Death rate - 9.51 deaths/1,000 population

Net migration rate - -0.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population

Sex ratio
birth - 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years - 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years - 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over - 0.97 male(s)/female
total population - 1.05 male(s)/female

Infant mortality rate - 82.49 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth - 61.07 years
Male: 60.27 years
Female: 61.91 years

Total fertility rate - 4.56 children born/woman

Nationality - Pakistani(s)

Ethnic groups - Punjabi (65% of Population), Sindhi, Pashtun (Pathan), Baloch, Muhajir (immigrants from India at the time of partition and their descendants)

Literacy – 38.9%

Education - Only 40% of school age children were enrolled schools.

Languages - Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

English is widely used in the government, including the military, colleges and universities. Pakistan plans to replace English with Urdu in schools and to introduce Arabic for Islamic studies.

Religions - Muslim 97% (Sunni 77%, Shi'a 20%), Christian, Hindu, and other 3%

 

 

 

Transportation

 

Railways - 5072 Miles
Highways - 153,983 Miles

paved: 141,252 km (including 339 km of expressways)
unpaved: 106,559 km (1998 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 250 km; petroleum products 885 km; natural gas 4,044 km (1987)

Ports and harbors: Karachi, Port Muhammad bin Qasim

Merchant marine - 30 Ships

Bulk freighter - 1

Cargo - 25

Oil tanker - 1

Passenger/cargo - 3

Airports: 118

Paved runways - 82
Unpaved runways - 36
Helicopter pads - 7

 

 Communications

 

Telephones - 2.861 million (1 Phone for every 148 People) 

Cellular - 158,000

Radio stations - AM 27, FM 1, Shortwave 21

Radios - 13.5 million 

Television stations - 22

Televisions - 3.1 million

Internet Service Providers - 26

 

Economy

 

Pakistan is a poor, densely populated country, lacking in foreign investment, and an intense highly expensive confrontation with India. Pakistan has made privatization a basis of economic resurgence, but may have difficulty getting new investors until it receives approval by the World Bank. This has yet to happen due to the pricing dispute between the government and independent power producers.

 

Pakistan imports more than they export which is not a good sign of a strong nation, as external debt and internal problems (evident of the military takeover last year) have created a declining economic situation.

 

Pakistan receives economic aid in the range of 20% of their own revenue, though cautious, continued funding will be questioned as providers of this aid will want answers to all the internal turmoil that has hijacked the country in somewhat unknown waters.

 

Budget:
Revenues - $10 billion
Expenditures - $11.7 billion

GDP - Purchasing power parity - $282 billion

GDP - Real growth rate - 3.1%

GDP - Per capita - $2,000

GDP - By sector
Agriculture - 25.2%
Industry - 26.6%
Services - 48.2%

Population below poverty line - 34%

Household income or consumption by percentage share
Lowest 10% - 4.1%
Highest 10% - 27.7%

Inflation rate - 6%

Labor force - 38.6 million
extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor

Labor force - by occupation

Agriculture 44%

Industry 17%

Services 39%

Unemployment rate - 7%

Industries - textiles, food processing, beverages, construction materials, clothing, paper products, shrimp

Industrial production growth rate - 3.8%

Manufacturing

Pakistan's largest industry is cotton textile and apparel.

Accounting for nearly 20% of total manufacturing output

And almost 40% of total exports.

Agriculture

Arable land - 25%

Agriculture products - cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs

Agriculture accounts for about 26% of Gross Domestic Product

Agriculture employs more than 50% of the labor force.

Pakistan possesses the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, allowing cultivation throughout the country.

Pakistan is a major illegal producer of opium and hashish rated as the fourth largest opium producer (140 metric tons in 1993).

Exports - $8.4 billion

Commodities - cotton, fabrics, and yarn, rice, fish, fruits, and vegetables

Partners - US 22%, Hong Kong 7%, UK 7%, Germany 7%, UAE 5%

Imports - $9.8 billion

Commodities - machinery, petroleum, petroleum products, chemicals, transportation equipment, edible oils, grains, pulses, flour

Partners - US 8%, Japan 8%, Malaysia 7%, Saudi Arabia 7%, UAE 7% (FY98/99)

External debt - $32 billion

Economic aid (recipient) - $2 billion in loan and grant assistance from international financial institutions (IMF, World Bank, Asian Development Bank) and bilateral donors, including the US Agency for International Development (currently suspended because of Pakistan's nuclear program).

Currency - 1 Pakistani rupee = 100 paisa

Exchange rates - Pakistani rupees per US dollar = 51.90

Fiscal year - July 1 to June 30

Electricity production - 59.262 billion kWh

Electricity consumption - 55.114 billion kWh

Exports - 0 kWh

Imports - 0 kWh

Production by source
Fossil fuel - 63.05%
Hydro - 36.31%
Nuclear - 0.64%

 

Military Resources

 

Foreign Military Relations

United States - current nuclear weapons disagreements have disrupted relations; China is a steady source of military equipment including a joint research and development agreement; Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Turkey.

International Activities - United States led alliance in the Persian Gulf War; United Nations peacekeeping efforts in Somalia and Bosnia; Peacekeeping observers to Croatia, Iraq and Kuwait border zones, Liberia, Mozambique, and the Western Sahara.

Military Spending - $2.435 billion

Percentage of Gross Domestic Product - 3.9%

Males age 15-49: 21,206,148

Males reaching military age annually - 1,604,806

Nuclear Weapons

 

Army

510,000 Personnel

313,000 Reserves

·       MBTs - 120 M-47, 280 M-48A5, 50 T-54/55, 1200 Ch Type-59, 200 Ch Type-69, 100 Ch Type-85

·       Armored Personnel Carriers - 800 M-113

·       Artillery - 2000+ ranging in size from 85mm to 203mm, additionally there are 45 122mm multiple rocket launching vehicles

·       Ground to Ground Missiles - 18 Hatf-1 and Hatf-2

·       AD Guns - 2,000+ ranging in size from 14.5mm to 57mm

·       Surface to Air Missiles - 350 Stinger, Redeye, RBS-70, and 500 Anza

·       Recon - 40 O-1E, 130 Mashshaq, 3 Commander 690, 1 Cessna 421

·       Attack Helicopters - 20 AH-1F

·       Tranport Helicopters - 7 Bell 205, 10 Bell 206Bs, 16 Mi-8, 6 SA-315B, 23 SA-316, 35 SA 330, 5 UH-1H

Navy

22,000 Personnel

Surface Ships

·       4 Destroyers

·       6 Frigates

·       8 Fast attack craft-missile

·       1 Mine hunter

·       2 Mine sweepers-coastal

·       5 Coast Guard

Submarines

·       2 Agosta class diesel submarines

·       4 Daphne class diesel submarines

·       3 midget submarines

Naval Aircraft

·       6 Westland Sea King Mk45 ship borne helicopter

·       3 Westland Lynx HAS 3 ship borne helicopter

·       4 Breguet Atlantic 1 Land based helicopter

·       5 Mirage 5 AMAD-BA maritime strike aircraft

·       3 Fokker F27 MPA Friendship reconnaissance aircraft

Marines

150 Marine Commandos

Air Force

45,000 personnel

Total - 430 combat aircraft.

·       Fighter Bomber - 7 squadrons; 1 with Mirage III, 3 Mirage 5s, 3 with Q-5 (A-5 Fantan)

·       Fighter - 10 squadrons; 4 with J-6, 3 with F-16A, 2 with J-7

·       RECCE - 1 squadron with 12 Mirage III

·       Transport - 12 C-130, 1 L-100, 3 Boeing 707, 3 Falcon 20, 2 F-27-200, 2 Beech

·       SAR: 1 Helicopter squadron with 6 SA-319

·       Trans Helicopters - 1 squadron with 12 SA-316, 4 SA-321, 12 SA-315B Lama

·       Training - 12 CJ-6A, 30 JJ-5, 45 MFI-17B, 6 MiG-15, 10 T-33A, 44 T-37B

·       Air Defense - 6 Crotale batteries, 1 CSA-2

 Civilian Defense

National Guard - 185,000 Personnel

The Frontier Corps - 65,000 Personnel

The Pakistan rangers - 23,000 personnel

The Maritime Security Agency - 2,000

45 Armored Personnel Carriers, 1 destroyer and 6 coastal patrol craft

 

International Participation

 

Pakistans role and participation in world affairs is widely diverse and a list of organizations currently affiliated with follows (because of a recent government over-throw, continued participation is uncertain):

 

Asian Development Bank  - Promotes regional economic cooperation.

Commonwealth (suspended) - Fosters multinational cooperation and assistance, as a voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire.

Customs Cooperation Council - Promotes international cooperation in customs matters.

Colombo Plan - Promotes economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific.

Economic Cooperation Organization - Promotes regional cooperation in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic development.

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - Carries out the commitment of the Economic and Social Council of the UN to promote economic development.

Food and Agriculture Organization - Raises living standards and increase availability of agricultural products.

Group of 19 - Represents the interests of the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation.

Group of 24 - Promotes the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the IMF.

Group of 77 - Promotes economic cooperation among developing countries.

International Atomic Energy Agency - Promotes peaceful uses of atomic energy.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) - Provides economic development loans.

International Civil Aviation Organization - Promotes international cooperation in civil aviation.

International Chamber of Commerce - Promotes free trade and private enterprise and to represent business interests at national and international levels.

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions -  Promotes the trade union movement.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - Provides humanitarian aid in wartime.

International Development Association - Provides economic loans for low income countries.

Islamic Development Bank - Promotes Islamic economic aid and social development.

International Fund for Agricultural Development - Promotes agricultural development.

International Finance Corporation - Supports private enterprise in international economic development.

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies - Organizes, coordinate, and direct international relief actions; to promote humanitarian activities; to represent and encourage the development of National Societies; to bring help to victims of armed conflicts, refugees, and displaced people; to reduce the vulnerability of people through development programs.

International Hydrographic Organization - Trains hydrographic surveyors and nautical cartographers to achieve standardization in nautical charts and electronic chart displays; to provide advice on nautical cartography and hydrography; to develop the sciences in the field of hydrography and techniques used for descriptive oceanography.

International Labor Organization - Deals with world labor issues.

International Monetary Fund - Promotes world monetary stability and economic development.

International Maritime Organization - Deals with international maritime affairs.

International Mobile Satellite Organization - Provides worldwide communications for commercial, distress, and safety applications, at sea, in the air, and on land.

International Telecommunications Satellite Organization - Develops and operate a global commercial telecommunications satellite system.

International Criminal Police Organization - Promotes international cooperation among police authorities in fighting crime.

International Olympic Committee - Promotes the Olympic ideals and administer the Olympic games.

International Organization for Migration - Facilitates orderly international emigration and immigration.

International Organization for Standardization - Promotes the development of international standards with a view to facilitating international exchange of goods and services and to developing cooperation in the sphere of intellectual, scientific, technological and economic activity.

International Telecommunication Union - Deals with world telecommunications issues.

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara - Supervises the cease-fire and conduct a referendum in Western Sahara.

United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Establishes contacts with the signatories to the cease-fire agreement and to plan for the observation of the cease-fire and disengagement of forces.

Nonaligned Movement - Establishes political and military cooperation apart from the traditional East or West blocs.

Organization of American States (Observer) - Promotes regional peace and security as well as economic and social development.

Organization of the Islamic Conference - Promotes Islamic solidarity in economic, social, cultural, and political affairs.

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons - Enforces the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction; to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among the signatories of the Convention.

Permanent Court of Arbitration - Facilitates the settlement of international disputes.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - Promotes economic, social, and cultural cooperation.

United Nations - Maintains international peace and security and to promote cooperation involving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.

United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone - Cooperates with the Government of Sierra Leone and the other parties to the Peace Agreement in the implementation of the agreement; to monitor the military and security situation in Sierra Leone; to monitor the disarmament and demobilization of combatants and members of the Civil Defense Forces (CFD); to assist in monitoring respect for international humanitarian law.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - Promotes international trade.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization - Promotes cooperation in education, science, and culture.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees - Ensures the humanitarian treatment of refugees and find permanent solutions to refugee problems.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization - Promotes industrial development especially among the members.

United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission - Observes and monitor the demilitarized zone established between Iraq and Kuwait.

United Nations Institute for Training and Research - Helps the UN become more effective through training and research.

United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina - Establishes an International Police Task Force (IPTF) to implement the Dayton Peace Agreement in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo - Promotes the establishment of substantial autonomy and self-government in Kosovo; to perform basic civilian administrative functions; to support the reconstruction of key infrastructure and humanitarian and disaster relief

United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka - Monitors the demilitarization of the Prevlaka peninsula.

United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia - Verifies compliance with the cease-fire agreement, to monitor weapons exclusion zone, and to supervise CIS peacekeeping force for Abkhazia.

United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor - Provides security throughout the territory of East Timor; to establish an effective administration; to ensure the coordination and delivery of humanitarian assistance; to support capacity-building for self-government.

Universal Postal Union - Promotes international postal cooperation.

World Confederation of Labor - Promotes the trade union movement.

World Federation of Trade Unions - Promotes the trade union movement.

World Health Organization - Deals with health matters worldwide.

World Intellectual Property Organization - Furnishes protection for literary, artistic, and scientific works.

World Meteorological Organization - Sponsors meteorological cooperation.

World Tourism Organization - Promotes tourism as a means of contributing to economic development, international understanding, and peace.

World Trade Organization - Provides a means to resolve trade conflicts between members and to carry on negotiations with the goal of further lowering and/or eliminating tariffs and other trade barriers.