Research Abstracts D to G
Note: Abstracts are arranged alphabetically on 4 pages. You may go directly to the other pages if you wish. Abstracts are broken down by: A to C D to G H to M and N to Z.
Darves-Bornoz, J. M., Choquet, M., Ledoux, S., Gasquet, I., & Manfredi, R.
(1998). Gender differences in symptoms of adolescents reporting sexual
assault. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33(3), 111-117.
While the sexual assault of children and adolescents is widely studied,
there has been a lack of research examining issues related to male
victims. This study reports on a nation wide survey of school-age
adolescents in France. In all 121 boys, and 344 girls reported having
been sexually assaulted (mean age 15.4) Results indicated that girls
exhibited more somatic symptoms and mood disorders while boys more
frequently demonstrated behavioral symptoms such as running away, suicide
attempts, violent outbursts and substance use.
Keywords: Adolescent/High School, Male Rape
Darves-Bornoz, J. M., Lepine, J. P., Choquet, M., Berger, C., Degiovanni,
A., & Gaillard, P. (1998). Predictive factors of chronic post-traumatic
stress disorder in rape victims. Eur Psychiatry, 13, 281-287.
This article addresses the need to identify empirical predictors of
chronic PTSD among rape victims. The study involved 73 victims of sexual
assault who were either self-referred or referred by the police to the
Centre for Victims of Sexual Assault at the University Hospital in Tours,
France. Participants were assessed by a psychiatrist at the onset of the
study using structured interview schedules to measure psychological and
behavioral attitudes as well as sexual abuse experiences. Analysis
revealed that somatoform and dissociative disorders, agoraphobia,
depressive and gender identity disorders, and alcohol abuse are good
predictors of PTSD one year after a rape. Other good predictors of chronic
PTSD, revealed by stepwise logistic regressional analysis, were: specific
characteristics of the rape (such as intrafamily rape, physical violence
outside the rape, and added physical violence during the rape), early
psychological and behavioral attitudes (such as low self-esteem, permanent
feelings of emptiness, and running away), and early mental disorders
(agoraphobia and depressive disorders). The strongest predictive model
suggests that clinicians should pay particular attention to patients
presenting with low self-esteem, feelings of emptiness, agoraphobia, and
the experience of added physical violence during rape since these patients
may be susceptible to chronic PTSD.
Keywords: Effects, Prevention, Survivors
Dean, K.E., Malamuth, N.M. (1997). Characteristics of men who aggress
sexually and of men who imagine aggressing: Risk and moderating variables.
Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 72(2), 449-455.
This study used 323 male participants from an introductory psychology
course who filled out a questionnaire regarding sexual aggression and
self-portrayal to determine risk factor characteristics. The findings show
that the extent to which risk factors translate into actual sexual
aggression depends on the magnitude to which the man is self-centered
versus caring about others’ feelings. When a man is at high risk of being
sexually aggressive, if he is self-centered, then he is more likely to
actually be sexually aggressive then if he were sensitive to others’
feelings. It was also found that the nurturant group actually had greater
fantasized sexual aggression than the self-centered. The implications of
therapeutic intervention are also discussed.
Keywords: Perpetration, Risk
DeKeseredy, W. S. (2000). Current controversies on defining nonlethal violence against women in intimate heterosexual relationships: Empirical implications. Violence Against Women 6(7), 728-746.
The author indicates that there is wide spread disagreement about how partner violence should be defined and that these differences lead to a variety of problems with research (including disclosure) and policy. The author also describes currently used definitions and provides suggestions for achieving agreement in defining nonlethal violence against women in heterosexual relationships.
Keywords: Disclosure, Evaluation
DeKeseredy, W.S., Schwartz, M.D., & Alvi, S. (2000). The Role of Profeminist Men in Dealing With Woman Abuse on the Canadian College Campus. Violence Against Women, 6(9), 918-935.
The author asserts that the attempts to stop woman abuse on North American college campuses has not been very successful thus far. Students, faculty, and administrators often support the patriarchal rights of men or think that the problem is not so widespread. Programs on many campuses do not work well, in part because they depend on women to prevent rape and also because most offenders know that few men come under formal social control and that that they can probably get away with their actions (rape with impunity). The author draws from empirical research that suggests male peer support is the most important factor determining pro-rape attitudes and behaviors. The authors suggest ways in which profeminist men can begin to work on the problem of male aggression including protesting pornography, working with bullies or those who are abusive, shaming, and involving oneself with education programs and/or support groups.
Keywords: College, Prevention
Dekker, I., & Barling, J. (1998). Personal and organizational predictors of
workplace sexual harassment of women by men. Journal of Occupational
Health Psychology, 3(1), 7-18.
Workplace and personal variables were studied to see their relationship
to sexual harassment in a study of 278 male university faculty and staff.
Results indicate that in general organizational variables and beliefs
about sexual harassment were predictive of gender based sexual
harassment. Organizational efforts to reduce or prevent sexual harassment
are discussed.
Keywords: Harassment, Male-Female Relations
Donovan, M. A., & Drasgow, F. (1999). Do men's and women's experiences of
sexual harassment differ? An examination of the differential test
functioning of the Sexual Experiences Questionnaire. Military Psychology,
11(3), 265-282.
In this article, the authors investigate whether the Sexual Experiences
Questionnaire (SEQ) which was originally developed to assess women's
experiences of sexual harassment could be used to assess men's
experiences. Results indicate that the SEQ does not function equally well
across men and women unless the 4 items that focus on a sexist
environment are removed. The implications of these results are discussed.
Keywords: Harassment, Male-Female Relations
Douglas, K. A., Collins, J. L., Warren, C., Kann, L., Gold, R., Clayton,
S, Ross, J. G., & Kolbe, L. J. (1997). Results from the 1995 National
College Health Risk Behavior Survey. College Health, Vol. 46 (September),
55-66.
The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey used a nationally
representative sample of undergraduate college students aged 18 years or
older to answer a questionnaire on their health risk behaviors. The
results of this study indicate that college students engage in behaviors
that put them at greater risk for adverse health consequences. Tobacco
use, alcohol and other drug use, sexual behaviors, dietary behaviors and
physical activity were the focus of this study. Certain behaviors are more
notable because of the large numbers of students affected by them.
Subgroups were examined to assess risk behaviors among them.
Keywords: Alcohol, College, Risk, Statistics
Earle, J.P. (1996). Acquaintance rape workshops: Their effectiveness in
changing the attitudes of first year college men. National Association of
Student Personnel Administrators, 34(1), 2-18.
This study looks at the effect of three different types of acquaintance
rape prevention programs on the attitudes of first year college men from
four different colleges concerning the sexual assault of women. The study
found that treatment in small single groups, with peer facilitation and
interactive techniques resulted in the largest positive change in attitude
regarding traditional women's role in the home and workplace and motives
for rape. No change was noted in attitudes toward the perceived severity
of the crime. This study has implications for the evaluation of current
theories of educating first year college men on acquaintance rape.
Keywords: College, Curriculum, Evaluation, Prevention
Easton, A.N., Summers, J., Tribble, J., Wallace, P., Lock, R. (1997).
College Women's Perceptions Regarding Resistance to Sexual Assault.
Journal of American College Health, 46, 127-131.
This article examines college women's perceptions about resistance to
sexual assault, their beliefs about what they could do if attacked, their
intention to resist, and their attitudes toward resistance if attacked by
a stranger (with or without a weapon) Participants believed that they were
more likely to be physically harmed, raped or murdered if they attempted
to resist an armed attacker (in instances of stranger rape) Twenty-two
percent of the participants said they were "very likely" to resist sexual
assault by a stranger with a weapon. The authors conclude that there is a
need to change women's perceptions about resisting sexual assault and that
more women should take self-defense classes.
Keywords: Resistance
Emerson, R. M., Ferris, K. O., & Gardner, C. B. (1998). On being stalked.
Social Problems, 45(3), 289-314.
This paper uses data collected from a number of sources to examine the
social processes through which stalking came to be viewed as a social
problem. What has ultimately come to be recognized as stalking involves
efforts to establish (or re-establish) a relationship in the face of the
other's opposition. However some cases of stalking involve efforts to
obtain vengeance. The authors state that what eventually is defined
stalking , usually starts as a variety of relational behaviors including:
the recognition of being followed, learning that another is requesting
detailed information about one's life and routines and fending off
persistent relational proposals. In these circumstances, the pursuer's
attentions may eventually become hostile or violent, leading to threats
and harm that are defined as "stalking."
Keywords: Stalking
Felty, K. M., Ainslie, J. J., & Geib, A. (1991). Sexual coercion attitudes
among high school students: The influence of gender and rape education.
Youth and Society, 23(2), 229-250.
The perception of sexual coercion as justifiable under certain conditions
and what variables affect these attitudes is the focus of this study. The
sample was drawn from a high school population. Pre and post-tests were
administered to students who attended a date rape prevention (DRP)
presentation. The student's demographic information was gathered and a
questionnaire was given dealing with the subject’s sexual activity. This
study suggests that date rape prevention programs should include the
dynamics of gender socialization, the structured inequality between men
and women, and the interrelationship between sex and violence, and should
be developed early in the adolescents’ lives.
Keyword: Adolescent/High School, Curriculum, Prevention
Finkelhor, D., Asdigian, N., & Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994). The
effectiveness of victimization prevention instruction: An evaluation of
children’s responses to actual threats and assaults. Child Abuse &
Neglect, 19, 141-153.
This study examined the effectiveness of school-based prevention
instruction in improving children’s responses to victimization. Using
telephone interviews with 2,000 youths and their caretakers, the authors
asked the participants about school-based prevention education programs
present at their schools, the content of the programs, parental
instruction, specific knowledge about sexual abuse issues, victimization,
self-protection strategies, and self-perceived efficacy in dealing with
confrontations. Analyses of the interviews revealed that prevention
instruction programs judged to be comprehensive had small but positive
effects. Youths exposed to these programs were more likely to use
self-protection strategies during a confrontation, were more likely to
feel successful in doing so, and were more likely to disclose
victimization attempts. However, they experienced more injuries during
sexual assaults. In contrast, children with more comprehensive parental
instruction experienced less injuries during assaults. In addition,
comprehensive parental instruction was also associated with positive
effects on knowledge, the likelihood of disclosure, and the use of
preferred self-protection strategies. The authors conclude by suggesting
that not only is parental instruction notably a necessity but that
school-based prevention programs may need to reassess the aggressive
resistance tactics they teach youths and to focus instead on preventing
injuries, not just victimization.
Keywords: Curriculum, Evaluation, Prevention
Finlayson, T. J., Salzman L.E., Sheridan, D.J., & Taylor W.K.. (1999). Estimating Hospital Charges Associated With Intimate Violence. Violence Against Women, 5(3), 313-335.
Costs associated with treating intimate violence can be estimated by using data collected by hospital-based programs that identify and document such violence. The authors examine earlier methods used to estimate hospital charges associated with violence and describe their experiences using data collected by a hospital-based violence prevention program in Chicago, Illinois. The authors describe five basic steps for estimating hospital charges associated with treating intimate violence. The authors suggest that these steps, (and awareness of the associated methodological differences), can guide researchers who examine hospital costs of intimate violence victims.
Keywords: Statistics, Survivors
Fisher, B. S., Sloan, J. J., Cullen, F. T., & Lu, C. (1998). Crime in the
ivory tower: The level and sources of student victimization. Criminology,
36(3), 671-710.
Using telephone interviews designed after the National Crime Victimization
Survey (NCVS), the authors collected data on criminal victimizations
experienced by college students at twelve institutions on and off campus
during the 1993-94 academic year. Drawing upon the lifestyle-routine
activities approach, the authors collected information concerning student
demographics, proximity to crime, exposure to crime, target
attractiveness, and lack of capable guardianship. Results indicate that
risk of property victimization was enhanced by proximity to crime, target
attractiveness, exposure, and lack of guardianship. The recreational use
of drugs and high levels of partying at night on campus were the most
significant predictors of violent victimization. The authors conclude by
suggesting that crime-prevention strategies should be informed by such
research and could prove useful in reducing crime experienced by college
students.
Keywords: College, Prevention, Risk, Vulnerability
Foa, E. B. (1997). Trauma and women: Course, predictors, and treatment.
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 25-28.
This study addresses the need for effective short-term treatments for
women in the United States who have post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
resulting from aggravated assault, rape or non-crime trauma. This article
also discusses two cognitive behavioral treatments for PTSD: prolonged
exposure treatment, and stress inoculation training programs. A study
involving 96 female victims of sexual or aggravated assault who met the
diagnostic criteria for PTSD was conducted to compare the efficacy of
these two therapies. Stress inoculation training, prolonged exposure, and
the combination of both showed immediate and long-term (6-month) all
showed treatment effects, when compared to the control group. Prolonged
exposure treatment appeared to be superior overall. The article includes a
discussion of how these therapies can prevent PTSD from becoming chronic.
Keywords: Effects, Prevention
Foa, E. B., Dancu, C. V., Hembree, E. A., Jaycox, L. H., Meadows, E. A., &
Street, G. P. (1999). A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation
training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder
in female assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
67(2), 194-200.
This study examines the effects of three different treatments for
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 96 female assault victims.
Four treatment conditions were assessed at pretreatment and posttreatment
stages as well as 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. The four conditions in
the study were: (1) prolonged exposure (PE), stress inoculation (SIT),
combined treatment (PE-SIT), and a waitlist control group (WL). The
results indicate that PE, SIT, and PE-SIT contributed to significant
reductions in PTSD among sexual and non-sexual assault victims in the
study. These three treatments also reduced anxiety symptoms and depression
among subjects who completed the study. However, PE-SIT did not cause a
greater reduction in PTSD, as predicted at the onset of the study.
Instead, PE had a stronger effect on posttreatment anxiety and global
social adjustment whereas SIT and PE-SIT were not significantly different
from each other on any of the outcome measures.
Keywords: Effects, Survivors
Follingstad, D.R., Bradley, R. G., Laughlin, J. E., & Burke, L. (1999).
Risk factors and correlates of dating violence: The relevance of examining
frequency and severity levels in a college sample. Violence & Victims,
14(4), 365-380.
The author examines risk factors for dating violence using self-reported
methods. In all 327 female, and 290 male 1st-yr college students were
questioned about their exposure to violence. Students completed 12 measures
that asked questions about coping skills, dating violence, and the use and
the perceived effectiveness of violence and control in interpersonal
relationships. Results indicate that students that self reported dating
violence attributed it primarily to efforts to control the actions of their
dating partner. Stress and communication issues played a large part, as did
jealousy and difficulty dealing with anger. Men who reported committing date
violence tended to have more alcohol problems. The researchers indicate that
there were no major differences in negative evaluation apprehension,
self-esteem, or problem-solving skills between non-violent and violent
groups.
Keywords: College, Male-Female Relations, Perpetration, Risk
Fonow, M., Richardson, L., & Wemmerus, V. A. (1992). Feminist rape
education: Does it work? Gender & Society, 6(1), 108-121.
This article begins with an assessment of attitudes and beliefs about
rape, specifically as they pertain to college students. It addresses
attitudinal factors (i.e. rape myths, rape blame, gender-role
conservatism, and adversarial sexual beliefs) and sexism and racism as
they culturally support rape myths. The study presented in this article
was designed to examine these myths as well as to examine the impact of
rape-education intervention strategies on college campuses. Using fourteen
classes of Sociology 101 students, the researchers divided 582 students
into three treatment conditions. The first was exposed to a live
rape-education workshop. The second watched a video of the workshop. The
third served as the control group. Results indicated that women were more
knowledgeable about rape than men, were less likely to engage in
victim-blaming, and were less accepting of adversarial sexual beliefs and
gender-role conservatism. Results also revealed that attitudinal changes
were apparent in both men and women. In addition, these changes were
impacted by a feminist approach to rape education in that students learned
that rapes are more likely to take place in a familiar setting, to be
perpetrated by someone familiar to the victim, and to serve as a tool of
social control over the woman.
Keywords: College, Curriculum, Evaluation, Myths/Stereotypes, Prevention
Foshee, V., Bauman, K.E., Arriaga, X.B., Helms R.W., Koch, G.G., Linder,
G.F., (1998). An evaluation of safe dates, an adolescent dating violence
prevention program. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 45-50.
Fourteen public schools in a rural county were randomly assigned to
treatment or control conditions. 1,886 Ss completed pretest and 1,700 Ss
completed posttest measures. Members of the treatment group took part in
the "Safe Dates" school curriculum and community activities. Those in the
control schools were only presented with community activities. At the time
of the posttest, those in the treatment schools reported less
psychological abuse, sexual violence, and violence perpetrated against the
current dating partner than those in control schools. Those reporting no
dating violence at time one indicated there was less initiation of abuse
in treatment than in control schools at time two. Those reporting dating
violence at time one indicated there was less psychological abuse and
sexual violence perpetration occurring in treatment schools post
intervention. The problems associated with collecting posttest data
directly after an intervention are discussed. The authors indicate that
they are in the process of collecting data for a 1 year follow-up to
address these limitations.
Keywords: Curriculum, Evaluation
Foubert, J. D., & Marriott, K. A. (1996). Overcoming men's defensiveness toward sexual assault programs: Learning to help survivors. Journal of College Student Development 37(4), 470-472.
The authors state that men's defensiveness toward talking about rape functions to protect them from feeling guilty about the violent behavior of other men. The authors then describe a program designed to help men to overcome defensive reactions by identifying supportive roles for them that may help them to decrease both the prevalence and damaging effects of rape. The "How to Help a Sexual Assault Survivor" program, consists of peer educators who encourage men to help survivors by listening to them, believing what they say happened, and accepting the survivor's decisions. Additionally, men are urged to resist the temptation to ask the survivor for details about the rape and to avoid suggestions of further violence. The initial results of the program appear to be positive. In a pilot survey of 17 male college students, 65% reported that they were less likely to be sexually coercive after having seen the program.
Keywords: Male-Female Relations, Prevention, Survivors
Foubert, J.D. & Marriott, K.A. (1997). Effects of a sexual assault peer
education program on men's belief in rape myths. Sex Roles, 36(3/4),
259-268.
This study looks at an all-male sexual assault peer education program that
focuses on helping the survivor of sexual assault that resulted in a
significant decrease in rape myth acceptance among fraternity pledges that
persisted overtime. The prevention program had the unexpected result of
decreasing the likelihood of sexually coercive behaviors in both the
experimental and control groups at posttest. This study results suggest
that attitude changes among program participants may be long lasting.
Keywords: Athletes/Fraternities, College, Curriculum, Myths/Stereotypes,
Prevention
Foubert, J.D. (2000). The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention
program on fraternity men's attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior.
Journal of American College Health, 48, 158-163.
This study presents the results of 145 fraternity men from a mid-Atlantic
university who were randomly selected to determine the results of a victim
empathy based rape-prevention program presented by all-male sexual assault
prevention peer educators. No evidence of change in sexually coercive
behavior was found. Significant declines in rape myth acceptance and the
likelihood of committing rape were found with program participants
immediately following the intervention and at the 7-month follow-up the
decrease in rape myth acceptance remained lower with program participants
than with the control group.
Keywords: Athletes/Fraternities, College, Curriculum, Myths/Stereotypes,
Prevention
Foubert, J. D., & McEwen, M. K. (1998). An all-male rape prevention peer education program: Decreasing fraternity men's behavioral intent to rape. Journal of College Student Development, 39(6), 548-556.
The authors demonstrated that participation in an all-male rape prevention peer education program, intended to decrease fraternity men's behavioral intent to rape, led to significant post-program declines in rape myth acceptance and behavioral intent to rape among 155 fraternity men (88% White, mean age of 19.9 yrs, mostly sophomores and juniors). The participants were divided into either a pretested and posttested rape prevention program group, a posttested rape prevention program group, or an untreated control group. The authors assessed belief in rape myths using the Burt Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. They evaluated central route processing using a state measure. Finally, intent to rape was evaluated by means of B. A. Malamuth's (1981) study questions. Results were the same regardless of whether the subjects were pretested or not. The study supports the hypothesis that rape prevention programming is most effective in an all-male peer education format.
Keywords: Athletes/Fraternities, Prevention
Foulis, D., & McCabe, M. P. (1997). Sexual harassment: Factors affecting
attitudes and perceptions. Sex Roles, 37(9-10), 773-798.
The authors examine how gender, gender role, gender role stereotypes,
age, occupation, and experience of sexual harassment impact attitudes and
perceptions of sexual harassment among high school and university
students, as well as workers (123 females, 73 males) These variables were
also investigated in terms of there relationship to the experience of
sexual harassment. The results of this study are discussed within the
framework of social learning and script theories.
Keywords: Harassment, Adolescent/High School, College
Frazier, P., Valtinson, G., Candell, S., (1994). Evaluation of a
coeducational interactive rape prevention program. Journal of Counseling &
Development, 73, 153-158.
This study is an evaluation of a coeducational, acquaintance-rape
prevention program delivered to 117 sorority and 75 fraternity members
(aged 19-27 yrs) who were randomly assigned to the treatment and control
group conditions. Participants completed pretest, posttest, and 1-mo
follow-up measures concerning attitudes toward gender roles, dating
behaviors, and sexual behaviors. Participants also appraised how much they
learned from the program. Those who participated in the program endorsed
fewer attitudes and beliefs associated with acquaintance rape than did
members of the control group and were more likely to agree with statements
that endorsed respect and equality, assertive communication, and safety
precautions for women immediately following the program. However, the
treatment group did not differ from the control group at the 1-mo
follow-up.
Keywords: Athletes/Fraternities, Evaluation
Frazier, P.A., Schauben, L.J., (1994a). Causal attributions and recovery
from rape and other stressful life events. Journal of Social & Clinical
Psychology, 13, 1-14.
Examined the relationship between causal attributions and recovery among
rape survivors. 282 female undergraduates (including 59 survivors of rape)
participated in the study and completed measures including the Sexual
Experiences Survey, the Brief Symptom Inventory, and the McPearl Belief
Scale. Results indicated that frequent rape related ruminations,
behavioral and characterological self-blame was associated with more
complicated recovery trajectories for survivors of rape. The belief that
future rapes were less likely to occur was found to be related to improved
recovery.
Keywords: Survivors
Frintner, M.P. Rubinson, L., (1993). Acquaintance rape: The influence of
alcohol, fraternity membership, and sports team membership. Journal of Sex
Education & Therapy, 19, 272-284.
This study determined the extent of sexual victimization among
undergraduate women at a large Midwestern university, with specific
attention paid to alcohol use, fraternity membership, and sports team
membership. The Sexually Stressful Events Survey was utilized with
modifications clarifying the level of intoxication, and whether or not the
accused was a member of a sports team or fraternity. Previous research
documenting the high rate of occurrence of sexual assault and other
sexually stressful events on college campuses was affirmed. In addition,
it was found that alcohol was involved in the majority of the reported
sexually stressful events, suggesting an association between alcohol and
sexual violence. Both fraternity and sports team members were
overrepresented among the crimes of sexual assault, attempted sexual
assault and battery, illegal restraint, and intimidation. Fraternity men
represented approximately 25% of men on the campus, and were reported as
47.6% of the men involved in sexual assault or attempted sexual assault.
Sports team members make up less than 2% of the campus population and were
found to comprise 20.2% of the men involved in sexual assault or attempted
sexual assault.
Keywords: Alcohol, Athletes/Fraternities
Furby, L., Fischhoff, B., Morgan, M., (1992). Preventing rape: How people
perceive the options of defending oneself during an assault. In Emilio
Viano, et al. (Ed) Critical issues in victimology. (pp. 174-189) New York,
NY. Springer Publishing Co.
This chapter examines how women perceive the effectiveness of various
physical and non-physical strategies for avoiding rape and sexual assault.
The main focus is on the use of self defense strategies.
Keywords: Resistance
Geer, J. H., Estupinan, L. A. , & Manguno-Mire, G. M. (2000). Empathy, social skills, and other relevant cognitive processes in rapists and child molesters. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 5(1), 99-126.
Reviews the literature and presents general empirical findings concerning patterns of empathy, social skills, and other cognitive processes (i.e., theories, attitudes, and distorted cognitions) of incarcerated sex offenders or those who have identified themselves as sex offenders. The authors offer a discussion of specific cognitive models that accounts for the data. The article reviews the cognitive-behavioral treatments that have been applied to sex offenders with the stated goal of modifying the processes that are being examined. The final section attempts to summarize and highlight some of the identified problems and weaknesses in the study of the aforementioned processes in sex offending. The authors argue that too little attention has been paid to basic cognitive psychology and the role that cognitions or conceptualizations can play in promoting the understanding of the sex offender. They suggest that following the information processing approach as a generalized model will help integrate and direct research efforts.
Keywords: Perpetration
Goodman, L.A; Koss, M.P, Russo, N.F., (1993). Violence against women:
Physical and mental health effects: II. Research findings. Applied &
Preventive Psychology, 2, 79-89.
In this article the authors use the posttraumatic stress disorder
diagnosis, a frame that captures many of the disparate symptoms described
by researchers, as a basis for exploring several conceptual models that
have been developed to explain responses to violence. The PTSD framework
is discussed in depth, with further discussion of the Psychoanalytic
model, the Schema-Based model, the Behavioral Learning model, and the
Personal Control, Learned Helplessness model, and the Emotional Processing
model. The need for integration of these models in order to adequately
address all the symptoms of PTSD, and hence women's responses to violence,
is discussed.
Keywords: Effects, Prevalence
Goodman, L.A., Dutton, M.A., Harris, M. (1995). Episodically homeless women
with serious mental illness: Prevalence of physical and sexual assault.
American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 65, 468-478.
This study examines lifetime prevalence, severity, and recency of physical
and sexual assault among homeless women diagnosed with serious mental
illness. Results indicate a heightened risk for violent victimization with
most respondents experiencing elevated levels of severe abuse beginning in
childhood and continuing into adulthood. The study also examines the
impact of ethnicity, education, and psychiatric diagnosis on levels of
victimization. Implications for research and service delivery are
discussed.
Keywords: Prevalence
Graham, K., Leonard, K. E., Room, R., Wild, T. C., Pihl, R. O., Bois, C.,
& Single, E. (1998). Current directions in research on understanding and
preventing intoxicated aggression. Addiction, 93(5), 659-676.
This paper provides an overview of some of the most salient areas of
research concerning the complexities of the relationship between alcohol
and aggression. It begins by outlining the range of research on
intoxicated aggression and proceeds by addressing societal/cultural
attitudes, expectations, and norms. Personal factors involved in
intoxicated aggression are also discussed; for example, individual
differences in aggressive predisposition and normative expectations. The
authors then review research on the pharmacological effects of alcohol and
drinking contexts. They ultimately propose intoxicated aggression as the
interaction of pharmacological effects of alcohol consumption, individual
differences, and contextual factors. The paper concludes by suggesting
research possibilities for intervention strategies to prevent intoxicated
aggression and violence.
Keywords: Alcohol, Risk, Prevention
Gray, H.M., Foshee, V. (1997). Adolescent dating violence: differences
between one-sided and mutually violent profiles. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 12(1), 126-141.
This study investigated prevalence and severity of adolescent dating
violence. 185 6th to 12th graders responded to a questionnaire about
dating violence, and were classified as victim only, perpetrator only, or
mutually violent. Results indicated that most dating violence prevention
and treatment programs are based on the one-sided violent relationship.
However, the most common profile for dating violence is the mutually
violent relationship. Limitations of this study include ignoring gender
differences in severity, consequences of, reactions to, and initiation of
physical violence, as well as not accounting for sexual violence
perpetrated by males, and subsequent female use of physical violence.
Keywords: Adolescent/High School, Perpetration
Gray, M.D., Lesser, D., Quinn, E., Bounds, C. (1990). The effectiveness of
personalizing acquaintance rape prevention: Programs on perception of
vulnerability and on reducing risk-taking behavior. Journal of College
Student Development, 31, 217-220.
Compared risk avoidance behavioral intention in a study where 44 female
community college students received personalized rape prevention program
and 26 female controls received a nonpersonalized rape prevention program.
Pre- and posttest questionnaire results indicate that personalized
prevention programs increased both the perception of personal
vulnerability and the intention to reduce risk-taking behaviors.
Keywords: Curriculum, Evaluation
Gray, N. B., Palileo, G. J., & Johnson, G. D. (1993). Explaining rape
victim blame: A test of attribution theory. Sociological Spectrum, 13,
377-392.
This study explored rape victim blaming attitudes among 1,177 college
students by drawing upon two competing hypotheses within attribution
theory; namely, “defensive attribution” and “need for control.” Students
answered survey questionnaires measuring rape myths, previous sexual
victimization, previous sexual aggression, risk taking behaviors, and
additional questions concerning demographics and knowledge of rape
prevention. The findings indicate that gender is the most significant
predictor of rape victim blaming with females less likely to blame rape
victims. Furthermore, risk taking and rape victim blaming were negatively
associated among females whereas among males, previous sexual aggression
and risk taking were more likely to be associated with victim blaming. In
contrast, males with previous nonsexual victimization experience, males of
higher class standing, and males who had prior exposure to rape prevention
knowledge were less likely to engage in victim blaming. Foreign students
and nonwhite students were most accepting of rape myths. Implications for
rape prevention are proposed.
Keywords: College, Myths/Stereotypes, Racial and Ethnic Differences, Risk
Greene, J.C. (1987). Justifying conclusions in naturalistic evaluations: A
practical perspective. Evaluation & Program Planning, 10, 325-333.
Describes a number of approaches to program evaluation that emphasize
utility, credibility, and participatory process. Evaluation methods and
evaluator roles are discussed.
Keywords: Evaluation
Gruber, J. E. (1998). The impact of male work environments and
organizational policies on women's experiences of sexual harassment.
Gender & Society, 12(3), 301-320.
This article reviews the organizational dynamics that engender hostility
and sexual harassment of, women according to 3 types of variables: women's
cultural status (age and marital status), occupational and workplace sex
ratios, organizational policies and organizational procedures for dealing
with sexual harassment problems. 1,990 Canadian women (mean age 34 yrs)
who had worked within the past year were contacted by telephone and
interviewed regarding their experiences with sexual harassment. Results
indicate that the extent of contact with men was a key predictor of
harassment including sexual comments, sexual categorical remarks, and
sexual materials. Informational methods of harassment reduction were less
successful than proactively oriented interventions. The authors conclude
that organizations that take steps to directly address sexual harassment
are more likely to be successful in curtailing the problem than those
relying on awareness techniques.
Keywords: Harassment, Male-Female Relations, Prevention
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