History/Classics 303: Crime and Punishment in the Ancient World (Spring 2023)



(ABOVE: Jacques-Louis David, "The Death of Socrates," 1787)


Instructor:

John Bauschatz

Time/Location:

Tu/Th, 9:30–10:45 a.m., Biological Sciences West 210

Contact Info:

Office: Cesar Chavez 410
Phone: (520) 621-7422 (office)
email: jbausch1@email.arizona.edu


OVERVIEW

This course explores the history of criminal justice systems in the ancient Mediterranean through close examination of select primary sources. Its primary focus is Greece and Rome, but it will also cover Pharaonic Egypt and the Ancient Near East. We shall move chronologically, geographically, and topically, treating a broad range of literary and archaeological evidence. Of central importance to the course will be the issue of boundaries: between right and wrong, imprisonment and freedom, individual and state. Law codes from Mesopotamia, tomb robbery in the Egyptian New Kingdom, the trial and execution of Socrates, police in the streets of Rome, execution by gladiator, spiritual and allegorical punishment: the course encompasses it all!


COURSE OBJECTIVES

In this course, we will survey a wide range of (primarily) written sources to obtain a broad view of law and order in the ancient Mediterranean world. Among these sources are the following:

  • Law codes from ancient Mesopotamia (Hammurabi's Code) and judicial papyri from Egypt (detailing a harem conspiracy against a pharaoh and some tomb robberies)
  • Several classics of Greco-Roman literature, both prose (Plato's Apology, the speeches of Lysias and Demosthenes, the Metamorphoses of Apuleius) and poetry (Sophocles' Oedipus the King; Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days)
  • Roman law codes (the Codex Theodisianus)
  • The autobiography of a Roman emperor (the Res Gestae of Augustus)
  • Letters written between a provincial governor and an emperor (Pliny's Letters, book 10)
  • Accounts of trips to hell (Virgil's Aeneid and Dante's Inferno)

LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of this course, you should be able to:

  • Describe the ancient Mediterranean conception(s) of right, wrong, law, justice, crime and punishment.
  • Explain how attitudes towards these same conceptions changed over time and across cultures.
  • List a number of ancient authors whose works touch on the issues of crime and punishment and discuss their works.
  • Compare and contrast law codes from a variety of ancient Mediterranean civilizations.
  • Highlight how religious beliefs and personal values impacted law and order in the ancient world.

PREREQUISITES

None.


READINGS

The readings for this course will include selections from a number of texts which concern crime and punishment in the ancient world in one way or another. The full list of readings appears below (see the Course Schedule).

There is one required text for this course:

  • John Bauschatz, ed. Crime and Punishment in the Ancient World. Third edition. Cognella, 2021.

This is a sourcebook of primary readings for HIST/CLAS 303. The book is available on D2L via Inclusive Access. Students may also order it directly from the publisher at the following url: https://store.cognella.com/24914

Any additional reading assignments for the course will be posted on the course D2L site. Many (most?) of the readings will be in .pdf format. To view/download them, you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader (free download available here).


GRADING

Grading for the course will be based on the following breakdown:

  • Attendance (10%): How often you come to class. If you come to all 30 class sessions on time and stay until the end, you will get a perfect attendance grade for HIST/CLAS 303. Absences are inevitable, so I will allow you to make up up to 3 classes' worth of missed time (plus participation). The only way to do this is doing extra course-related work. If you would like to make up an absence for a given class, please let me know.

  • In-Class Participation (30%): The quality and quantity of your participation in class discussions. I expect you to actively engage in class discussions. If you do not, your grade will suffer. Your grade for in-class participation starts at zero and will increase over the course of the semester—based on how well you do—up to a maximum of 60 (which, over 30 class sessions, averages out to 2 points per session), which will be considered perfect participation (100%). Keep track of your in-class participation score on D2L regularly. To help you organize your thoughts, I will often post reading questions on D2L in advance of each class to give you a sense of what to watch out for in each reading. It is not required that you read and respond to these (or even look at them!), but you should feel free to write out responses to the questions and have them with you during class.

  • Quizzes (30%): There is a brief—15 minute, 20 questions—D2L quiz to complete each week on the readings and lectures from that week (15 quizzes total). Each quiz will be available to be taken on D2L until 11:59 p.m. on the Friday of the week in question. If you do the readings and pay attention during class lectures you should have no trouble doing well on the quizzes. Your lowest four quiz grades will be dropped.

  • Short Papers (30% [10% each]): Three papers of between 750 and 1000 words in length based on course readings will be assigned. These are meant to be exercises in analytical thinking and should not require any additional research or reading (though you are certainly welcome to do additional work, if you like!). The topics for each paper are posted on D2L (in the "Short Paper Topics" folder). The papers are to be submitted on D2L by 11:59 p.m. on Tuesday, February 14; Thursday, March 23; and Thursday, May 4. Late papers will lose one letter grade for each day late (Saturdays and Sundays included). You have the option to hand in drafts of your papers in advance if you choose. Drafts are due on D2L no later than one week in advance of the due date for each paper. ***In addition, you will have the option to revise either your first or your second paper for a better grade if you choose. Revised papers are due on D2L no later than 11:59 p.m. on Thursday, May 4. Please note: you may not submit a revised version of a paper if you never submitted an original.***


OFFICE HOURS AND OTHER STUFF

Office Hours: I will hold weekly office hours on Wednesdays and Thursdays. On Wednesdays, office hours are both via Zoom and in-person in my office from 11 a.m.–noon; on Thursdays, office hours are from 3:30–4:30 p.m. via Zoom only (join link on D2L). You are also welcome and encouraged to make an appointment to meet with me. Call, email or holler (though hollering isn't recommended).

Course Content: Course readings will regularly contain brutally violent, sexually graphic and/or otherwise potentially offensive material. I assume that all students enrolled in HIST/CLAS 303 are mature enough to handle such material and suggest that anyone easily offended by such material not take the course.

D2L: As mentioned above, students in HIST/CLAS 303 will be expected to be familiar with D2L ("Desire2Learn"), the University's online course content management system. Our use of D2L in HIST/CLAS 303 will be extensive: we will use D2L not only as a repository for course documents (additional readings, course handouts, etc.) and as a place to post grades, but also for quizzes and updates about the course. If you are unfamiliar with D2L, see the D2L help homepage.

Plagiarism and Using Quoted/Cited Material: Plagiarism is the presentation of another person's work—or what is substantially another person's work—as one's own, and it is strictly forbidden in higher education. If you copy material from an outside source and paste it into a chat or paper for HIST/CLAS 303, you have plagiarized. If you copy material from an outside source and paste it into a paper for HIST/CLAS 303, and then tweak the pasted material a bit, you have still plagiarized. No credit is given for plagiarized material. Repeated instances of plagiarism may result in disciplinary acton at the university level. On a related note, it's worth mentioning my policy on using quotations from course materials. I'm fine with it! That said, quotations (which must be set off by quotation marks and have a page number citation) should only be used as supporting material for making your own points, and, maybe most importantly, material within quotation marks DOES NOT COUNT TOWARDS WORD COUNT TOTALS for papers. Word count totals are totals for your own words, not the words of another author.

Grades: Quizzes are auto-graded and scores are reported immediately. Grades for class attendance and participation will generally appear within 24 hours of each class session. Grades for papers will be entered on D2L within two weeks of their due date. ***It is your responsibility to keep track of your grades over the course of the semester. You have one week from the date of a posted grade to appeal it. After that, the assumption is that you have seen the grade and are OK with it.*** Grades for assignments turned in after posted due dates—and without documented excuses for lateness—are only awarded at the discretion of the professor. At the very least, late assignments will lose one letter grade (= 10 points off of the overall grade for the assignment) for every day they are late. Assignments that are five or more days late will receive no grade.

Honors Contracts: Students wishing to earn Honors in HIST/CLAS 303 must select their own topics for their short papers and have these topics pre-approved by the instructor. If you would like to arrange a contract for the course, please let me know!

Final Grades: For the final grade, the following breakdown will be used:

A+ = 98–100 A = 93–97 A- = 90–92
B+ = 88–89 B = 83–87 B- = 80–82
C+ = 78–79 C = 73–77 C- = 70–72
D+ = 68–69 D = 63–67 D- = 60–62
F+ = 58–59 F = 53–57 F- = 0–52

Final grades ending in .5 or higher will be rounded up; those ending in .49 or lower will be rounded down. ***There are NO exceptions to this policy.***

If you would like help with your writing, the University’s Writing Skills Improvement Program (http://wsip.arizona.edu) may be a valuable resource. The Program offers professional individual tutoring in writing for students, as well as biweekly writing workshops. These are free and open to UA students, but you do need to register with the program. This semester, the workshops will be held virtually on Mondays from noon–12:50 p.m. and Wednesdays from 10–10:50 a.m. starting on January 18 (more information available on the WSIP website).


VARIOUS UNIVERSITY POLICIES:

  • Accessibility and Accommodations: My goal in this classroom is that learning experiences be as accessible as possible. If you anticipate or experience physical or academic barriers based on disability, please let me know immediately so that we can discuss options. You are also welcome to contact the Disability Resource Center (520-621-3268) to establish reasonable accommodations. For additional information on the Disability Resource Center and reasonable accommodations, please visit http://drc.arizona.edu.

  • Code of Academic Integrity: Students are encouraged to share intellectual views and discuss freely the principles and applications of course materials. However, graded work/ exercises must be the product of independent effort unless otherwise instructed. Students are expected to adhere to the UA Code of Academic Integrity as described in the UA General Catalog: http://deanofstudents.arizona.edu/academic-integrity/students/academic-integrity.

  • Subject to Change Statement: Information contained in the course syllabus, other than the grade and absence policy, may be subject to change with advance notice, as deemed appropriate by the instructor.

COURSE SCHEDULE

What follows is an outline of the spring semester. Reading assignments are due on the dates specified. For a typical class you'll do a reading and we'll discuss it, generally after I present on a subject connected to the material. I will sometimes (often?) supply you in advance with a list of reading questions to keep in mind while you're doing the reading. Read them and think about them! These questions will help direct our class discussions.

Check this page often. Readings and assignments are subject to change. I'll try to give a heads-up in class if a major shake-up is imminent. I'll also try to provide you with the readings at least one week in advance.


Week Tuesday Thursday Friday
1 1/10 no class: Winter Break

1/12 (1) Introductions; Geography

READING 1 (D2L): Samuel Greengus, "Legal and Social Institutions of Ancient Mesopotamia" (pp469–484 of J.M. Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1 [New York, 1995])

1/13  no D2L quiz

2

1/17 (2) Hammurabi's Laws

READING 2 (D2L): Introduction to Hammurabi's Laws; (Bauschatz): Hammurabi's Laws (pp1–54)

1/19 (3) Ancient Egyptian Society

READING 3 (D2L): David Lorton, "Legal and Social Institutions of Pharaonic Egypt" (pp345–362 of J.M. Sasson, ed., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, vol. 1 [New York, 1995])

1/20 D2L Quiz #1 (days 1, 2 and 3)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #1 (by 11:59 p.m.)

3

1/24 (4) Egyptian Officials

READING 4 (Bauschatz): the Instruction Addressed to King Merikare (pp55–70); information on the vizier Rekhmire; (Bauschatz): the Regulation Laid Upon the Vizier Rekhmire (pp71–81)

1/26 (5) Egyptian Crime and Punishment (Mostly Punishment)

READING 5: information on ancient papyri from Egypt; info on the Judicial Turin Papyrus and P.Leopold II-Amherst; (Bauschatz): the Turin Judicial Papyrus (pp83–91); P.Leopold II-Amherst (pp93–96)

1/27  D2L Quiz #2 (days 4 and 5)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #2 (by 11:59 p.m.)

4

1/31 (6) The Eloquent Peasant

READING 6: basic info on The Eloquent Peasant; (Bauschatz): The Eloquent Peasant (pp97–114)

*You are now able to write short paper #1*

2/2 (7) Ancient Greece: History, Law, Society

READING 7 (D2L): Douglas MacDowell, "Greek Law" (pp589–606 of M. Grant and R. Kitzinger, eds., Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome, vol. 1 [New York, 1988])

2/3 3 D2L Quiz #3 (days 6 and 7)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #3 (by 11:59 p.m.)

5

2/7 (8) Poetic Justice (1): Homer

READING 8: Homer, Iliad 1 and Odyssey 9

SUBMIT (D2L) BY 11:59 P.M.: Short Paper #1 drafts (**not required**)

2/9 (9) Poetic Justice (2): Hesiod's Works and Days

READING 9 (Bauschatz): Hesiod, Works and Days (pp175–205)

2/10 D2L Quiz #4 (days 8 and 9)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #4 (by 11:59 p.m.)

6

2/14 (10) Poetic Justice (3): Hesiod's Theogony

READING 10 (Bauschatz): Hesiod, Theogony (pp131–174)

SUBMIT (D2L) BY 11:59 P.M.: Short Paper #1   

2/16 (11) This Is Sparta!

READING 11 (Bauschatz): Xenophon, Constitution of the Spartans (pp115–129)

2/17 D2L Quiz #5 (days 10 and 11)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #5 (by 11:59 p.m.)

7

2/21 (12) Athenian Trials (1)

READING 12 (D2L): basic info on trials at Athens (CareyIntroduction.pdf); (Bauschatz): Lysias 1, On the Murder of Eratosthenes (pp207–213)

2/23 (13) Athenian Trials (2)

READING 13 (Bauschatz): Antiphon 1, Accusation of Poisoning against the Stepmother (pp215–220); Lysias 3, Against Simon (pp221–226) Demosthenes 54, Against Konon (D2L)

2/24 D2L Quiz #6 (days 12 and 13)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #6 (by 11:59 p.m.)

8

2/28 (14) The Trial of the (Fourth) Century (1): Aristophanes

READING 14: Aristophanes, Clouds

3/2 (15) The Trial of the (Fourth) Century (2): Plato

READING 15: basic info on Plato and Socrates;(Bauschatz): Plato, Apology of Socrates (pp227–244); Crito (pp245–256) 

*You are now able to write short paper #2*

3/3  D2L Quiz #7 (days 14 and 15)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #7 (by 11:59 p.m.)

  3/7 Spring Break 3/9 Spring Break 3/10  Spring Break
9

3/14 (16) Comedy on Trial: Wasps

READING 16: Aristophanes, Wasps (pp215–415)

3/16 (17) Divine Punishment: Sophocles, Oedipus the King

READING 17: basic info on Sophocles and ancient Thebes; (Bauschatz): Sophocles, Oedipus the King (pp257–328)

SUBMIT (D2L) BY 11:59 P.M.: Short Paper #2 drafts (**not required**)

3/17 D2L Quiz #8 (days 16 and 17)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #8 (by 11:59 p.m.)

 

10

3/21 (18) Crime and Punishment in Ptolemaic Egypt

READING 18: basic info on the Ptolemies; (Bauschatz): Ptolemaic papyri on policing (pp329–356)

3/23 (19) Roman Law

READING 19 (D2L): Alan Watson, "Roman Law" (pp607–629 of M. Grant and R. Kitzinger, eds., Civilization of the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece and Rome, vol. 1 [New York, 1988]); (Bauschatz): the Twelve Tabes (pp357–365)

SUBMIT (D2L) BY 11:59 P.M.: Short Paper #2

3/24 D2L Quiz #9 (days 18 and 19)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #9 (by 11:59 p.m.)

11

3/28 (20) Rome's Greatest Lawyer

READING 20 (D2L): Cicero, Pro Caelio

3/30 (21) Augustus and the Res Gestae

READING 21 (Bauschatz): The Deeds of the Divine Augustus (pp367–375)

3/31 D2L Quiz #10 (days 20 and 21)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #10 (by 11:59 p.m.)

12

4/4 (22) Pliny and Trajan

READING 22: info on Pliny the Younger and the emperor Trajan; (Bauschatz): Pliny, Epistles, book 10 (X) (pp377–389): Letters 17a, 17b, 18–20, 29–34, 47–50, 56–60, 65–66, 68–74, 77–82, 92–93, 96–97, 116–117

4/6 (23) Spectacle and Death (1)

READING 23: info on Roman gladiators; Martial, On the Spectacles (pp12–39)

4/7 D2L Quiz #11 (days 22 and 23)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #11 (by 11:59 p.m.)

13

4/11 (24) Spectacle and Death (2)

READING 24: info on Tertullian; (Bauschatz): Tertullian, On the Spectacles (pp391–416); (D2L): Chapters 1–3 (pp1–15) of E. Clark, "Capital Punishment in Ancient Rome" (Honors Thesis, Classics, Xavier University, 2005)

4/13 (25) Highway Robbery

READING 25: biography of Apuleius; Apuleius, The Golden Ass, plot summary (read the book summaries under "Plot"); (Bauschatz): Golden Ass 4.1–27, 6.25–32 and 7.1–13 (pp417–438)

4/14  D2L Quiz #12 (days 24 and 25)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #12 (by 11:59 p.m.)

14

4/18 (26) Religious Frauds

READING 26: biography of Lucian; (Bauschatz): Lucian, Alexander the Quack Prophet (pp439–458); more information on Glykon

4/20 (27) The Theodosian Code

READING 27: basic info on late antiquity and the Theodosian Code(Bauschatz): Theodosian Code, Book 9, Titles 2–17 (pp459–485)

*You are now able to write short paper #3*

4/21 D2L Quiz #13 (days 26 and 27)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #13 (by 11:59 p.m.)

15

4/25 (28) Virgil's Hell

READING 28: basic info on Virgil and the Aeneid; summary of the Aeneid (read the book summaries under "Story"); (Bauschatz): Virgil, Aeneid, book 6 (pp487–513)

4/27 (29) Dante's Hell

READING 29: Dante, short biography; Inferno: summary; (Bauschatz): Inferno, Cantos i–v (pp515–542)

SUBMIT (D2L) BY 11:59 P.M.: Short Paper #3 drafts (**not required**)

4/28 D2L Quiz #14 (days 28 and 29)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #14 (by 11:59 p.m.)

16

5/2 (30) Crime and Punishment in the Middle Ages

READING 30 (D2L): Hunt Janin, "Medieval Crime," Chapter 9 of Medieval Justice: Cases and Laws in France, England and Germany, 500–1500 [London, 2004])

5/4 no class: Reading Day

SUBMIT (D2L) BY 11:59 P.M.: Short Paper #3; Short Paper #1 OR #2 rewrites (**not required**)

5/5 D2L Quiz #15 (day 30)

COMPLETE (D2L): D2L Quiz #15 (by 11:59 p.m.)

17 5/9 no class: final exams

5/11 no class: final exams

5/12  no class: semester over

U of A | Bauschatz