Psychology 375 Class Outline

Introduction	Research Methods	Selection	Testing and Assessment
Performance Appraisal	Training	Motivation	Leadership

Organizational Theory	Work Environment	Health	Stress
Engineering	Consumer

INTRODUCTION
- I. I/O Psychology
  - A. what is it?
    B. early roots
    - 1. personnel
      2. human factors
      3. organization
      4. consumer
    C. early history (see above roots)
    D. earlier early history
    - 1. cave people
      2. commerce
      3. crafts
  II. Future
  - A. Trends
    - 1. changing jobs - lifestyles
      2. changing technology - information
      3. changing skills - training
      4. changing workforce - diversity
      5. changing markets - globalization
    B. Profession of I/O
    - 1. jobs
      2. ethics
      3. opportunities
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RESEARCH METHODS
- I. Techniques
  - A. Armchair Analysis
    B. Scientific Method
    - O - P - C
    C. "Pure" vs. "Applied"
  II. Research Design
  - variables, control, randomness, confounding, interaction
  III. Levels of Experimentation
  - A. naturalistic observation
    B. survey
    C. field/simulation
    D. laboratory
  IV. Levels of Intervention
  - - 1. person
      2. to object
      3. to person
      4. to group
      5. group to group
  V. Statistics
  - A. Descriptive
    - central tendency, variability
      correlation
    B. Inferential
    - probability
      significance
    C. Measurement
    - true + error score
  VI. Error
  - bias, demand, desirability, reliability, validity
  VII. Ethics
  - competence, integrity, confidentiality, informed consent
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SELECTION

I. Why
- selection ratio, base rate, validity, criterion problem
II. Fair Employment
- A. adverse impact, comparable worth, essential function, discrimination
  B. Title VII, age, rehabilitation, ADA, EEOC, job relevance
III. Attraction-Selection Model

IV. Steps
- A. Recruitment
  - 1. sources
    2. RJP
  B. Job Analysis
  - 1. what, why, how
    2. DOT, PAQ, critical incidents
  C. Application Blank
  D. Employment Tests
  E. Interviews
  - 1. purpose
    2. types
    3. problems
  F. Investigation
  - 1. references
    2. background
    3. physical exam
  G. Supervisor/Work Group Recommendation
  H. Induction and Follow-up
V. Assessment Center
- A. Purpose
  B. components
  C. validity

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TESTING

I. Criteria for Tests
- A. standardization
  - conditions, norms
  B. reliability
  - test-retest, alternate forms, split-half
  C. validity
  - face, criterion, predictive, concurrent, content, construct
II. Types of Tests
- A. Mechanics
  - 1. individual/group
    2. power/speed
    3. paper/performance
  B. Content
  - 1. apptitude
    2. achievement
    3. interest
    4. personality
    5. honesty
III. Problems
- A. Error
  - 1. bias
    2. over-interpretation
    3. faking
    4. anxiety
    5. privacy
  B. Negative Attitudes

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PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL

I. Why
- A. Selection validation
  B. Diagnostic
  C. Personnel decisions
II. Criterion Problem
- what, how, compared to, combined
  ideal, relevant, contamination, deficiency opposition
III. Sources of Data
- A. "Objective"
  - 1. production
    2. personal
    3. performance tests
  B. "Subjective"
  - 1. absolute - ratings
    - written naratives
    2. comparitive
    - ranking, paired comparison, forced distribution
    3. behavioral
    - checklist, forced choice, BARS, BOS, MSRS
  C. Other
  - 1. assessment center
    2. peer rating
    3. self-rating
    4. subordinate rating
IV. Error
- halo, response style, context, general bias, attribution,
  inadequate information, role conflict

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TRAINING

I. Why
- A. Needs
  B. Learning vs Training
  C. Objectives - needs assessment
  D. Design
II. Learning
- A. Types
  B. Factors
  C. JIT Formula
  D. Strategy
III. Methods
- A. On-site
  - 1. OJT
    2. vestibule
    3. apprenticeship
    4. job rotation
  B. Off-site
  - 1. lecture/demonstration
    2. conference/discussion
    3. PI/CAI
    4. audio-visual
    5. simulation
    - case study, games, in-basket, role play, modeling
    6. T-group
IV. Evaluation
- A. Transfer
  - SI/RI, SD/RI, SI/RD, SD/RD
  B. Design
  - criteria, pre/post, control group, lag
    DV: reaction, learning, behavior, results
  C. Challenges
  - 1. EEO - protected groups
    2. HCUs
    3. globalization - diversity
    4. management training
    5. career development/lifelong

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MOTIVATION

I. What is it?
- A. Energy, dynamics, persistence///goal, direction, steering
  B. Push/pull basic model
  C. Assumptions
  D. Control
II. Theories
- A. Content
  - 1. S-R
    2. needs hierarchy
    3. ERG
    4. achievement
    5. two-factor
  B. Process
  - 1. expectancy
    2. goal-setting
    3. equity
    4. self-efficacy
    (5.) reinforcement
III. Job Satisfaction
- A. Attitudes
  B. Components
  C. Measurement
  D. Job Behavior

IV. Consequences - Incentives

A. Pay Systems
- individual, bonus, group
B. Job Involvement
C. Organizational Commitment

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LEADERSHIP

I. What is
- A. Definition
  B. Functions
  C. Assumptions
II. Models/Theories of Leadership
- A. Trait
  B. Leader Style
  C. Leader Decision
  D. Contingency
  E. Path/Goal
  F. Managerial Grid
  G. Situational
  H. The Big Picture
III. Training
- A. Types
  B. Expectations
  C. Special Groups
IV. Power
- A. Bases
  B. Influence
  C. Politics
  D. Empowerment - Teams

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ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY

I. What is
- A. Definition
  B. Dichotomies
  C. Match - Systems Approach
II. Schools
- A. Classical
  B. Human Relations
  C. Sociotechnical Systems
III. Factors
- A. Context
  - role, environment, technology, human resources
  B. Structural
  - anatomical, operational
  C. Climate
  - culture
  D. Change
IV. Groups
- A. Types
  B. Dynamics
  - size, cohesiveness, attractiveness, roles, communication, conformity
  C. Conflict
  - crisis, conflict, negotiation D. Experiential Learning
V. Organization Development
- A. Action Research
  B. Process Consultation
  C. Team Building
  D. Experiential Learning
  E. Quality of Work Life

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WORKING ENVIRONMENT

I. Human Factors
- A. Anthropometry, ergonomics, cybernetics
  B. Time/motion
II. Environmental Conditions
- A. Illumination
  B. Noise
  C. Tempurature/ventilation
  D. Task demands
III. Temporal Conditions
- A. Working hours
  B. Shift work
  C. Rest pauses
  D. Flextime
IV. Sociopsychological
- A. Informal work group
  B. Fatigue
  C. Boredom
  D. Job redesign
  - 1. cottage industry
    2. telecommuting
    3. job sharing

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SAFETY AND HEALTH

I. Mental Health
- A. Anxiety, Depression, Boredom
  B. Violence, Sabotage, Slowdowns
II. Accidents
- A. Factors
  - workplace, personal
  B. Proneness
  C. Prevention
III. Physical Health
- A. Toxins
  B. Sick Buildings
  C. Equipment, VDTs
IV. Substance Abuse
- A. Alcohol
  B. Drugs
  C. Tobacco
  D. Medications
  E. Testing
V. Intervention
- A. Health Promotion
  B. Protective Exclusion
  C. Stress Management
  D. EAP
  E. Personal Development
  - exercise, relaxation, financial

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STRESS

I. What is it?
- A. Definition
  B. Arousal
  C. Fight/Flight
  D. General Adaptation Syndrome
II. Factors
- A. Life Change
  B. Personality
  C. Control
  D. Hardiness
  E. Job Load / Complexity
  F. Role Ambiguity
  G. Self-Esteem
  H. Interpersonal
III. Stressors
- A. Physical environment
  - noise, temperature, glare, VDT, toxins
  B. Crowding
  - pressure, rage, deindividuation
  D. Overload, underload
IV. Coping
- A. Getting Away
  B. Change Reaction To
  C. Toughen Up

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ENGINEERING

I. Scientific Management
- A. Time motion studies
  B. Efficiency expert
  C. Oppostion
II. Systems approach
- A. Theory
  B. Types
  C. Person-machine
III. Design
- A. Workspace
  B. Displays
  C. Controls
  D. Linkages
IV. Future
- A. Computers
  B. Robotics
  C. Virtual reality
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CONSUMER
- I. Research Methods
  - A. Surveys
    B. Focus Groups
    C. Depth Interviews
    D. Projectives
    E. Behavioral
  II. The Consumer
  - A. Attitude
    B. Social Desirability
    C. Cognitive Dissonance
    D. Conformity
    E. Demopgraphics
  III. The Product
  - A. Price
    B. Quality
    C. Packaging
    D. Image
  IV. Advertising
  - A. Purposes
    B. Variables
    - recall, fear, repetition, format,
      media, sex, subliminal
  V. Issues
  - A. Children
    B. Health/Welfare
    C. Rights
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Last edited on 9/28/98