The following helpful outline of Beowulf
is taken from a Web page by Syd Allen at: http://www.jagular.com/beowulf/outlines.shtml
[Lines 1-52 are before section I and are sometimes referred to as the
Preface or Prologue.] CONCERNING SCYLD THE SHEAF-CHILD. The poem opens
with a prefatory section that gives the ancestry of the Danish king
Hrothgar whose mead-hall is the scene of the first adventure of the
poem. The founder of the line is Scyld Scefing, or Scyld Sheaf-Child,
so named because of the tradition that as a child he had drifted, lying
on a sheaf of wheat, in a boat filled with arms until the boat landed
on the island of Skaney. From this frail child there developed a mighty
king who ruled valiantly and well, respected by his own people and
feared by his tribute-giving neighbors. After many years a son was born
to him named Beowulf (probably the scribe's confused rendering of Beow
or Beowa of the Anglo-Saxon genealogies and not the Beowulf of this
poem). After mentioning the fame of this child, the preface concludes
with an account of the death and elaborate funeral of Scyld, describing
how he was laid in a ship loaded with parting gifts of arms and
treasures and the ship set adrift on the waters which had borne him to
the country's shores as a child.
I [lines 53-114]. The genealogy continues with a reiteration of the
fame of Scefing's son Beowulf, his son Healfdene, and Helfdene's four
sons Heorogar, Hrothgar, Halga, and Ela. Heorogar, as is implied later,
ruled for a time but then turned over the government to his brother
Hrothgar who build the great hall Heorot, a symbol of his fame and
glory. But tragedy lurked in the darkness where the demon Grendel, one
of the evil descendants of Cain, listened to the gleeman chanting lays
of the glory of God.
II [lines 115-188]. Filled with rage, Grendel comes at night to Heorot,
kills the thirty thanes sleeping there, and returns home with their
slaughtered corpses. Daybreak brings woe to the ruler and his people
upon their discovery of the monster's vengeance. The next night Grendel
returns, the hall soon stands deserted (at night), and for twelve
years, refusing to parley or to make peace, the demon prowls over the
fen, raiding and destroying. The tale is soon noised abroad by the
gleemen.
III [lines 189-257]. News of the calamity reaches the Jute Beowulf, a
nephew of Hygelac, king of the opposite territory of West Gothland.
Strongest and boldest of men, Beowulf chooses a band of fifteen heroic
followers and with them sails to Hrothgar's realm where he is
challenged by the Scylding coast-guard who is stationed on a cliff to
keep watch.
IIII [lines 258-319]. Beowulf identifies himself as the son of Ecgtheow
and describes his followers as Goths and hearth-companions of Hygelac.
His mission, he says, is to assist Hrothgar, lord of the Danes, in
overcoming his demon-foe. The coast-guard welcomes them, promises to
guard their ship, and speeds them on their way to King Hrothgar.
V [lines 320-370]. Up the stone-paved street march Beowulf and his men.
Arriving at the hall they are greeted with admiration by a noble Dane
Wulfgar who asks them who they are. Beowulf again identifies himself,
Wulfgar goes to Hrothgar, and, in courtly fashion, asks a hearing for
the strangers.
VI [lines 371-455]. Hrothgar recalls that he had known Beowulf as a
child and that he has heard of Beowulf's matchless strength. He bids
Wulfgar to welcome the strangers and bid them approach. Beowulf
introduces himself to King Hrothgar, explains his mission, and, as
evidence of his capability, mentions his night of wrestling with the
sea-monsters. If he loses his battle with Grendel, he remarks, there
will be no need to bury his body or to feed him longer.
VII [lines 456-498]. Hrothgar continues to reminisce about Beowulf's
father and his great feat, while apparently a warrior with the
Wylfings, of killing Heatholaf. This account is followed by an obscure
passage concerning his own settling of a quarrel with the Wylfings. He
then turns abruptly to a description of the ravages wrought by Grendel
and then, with equal abruptness, invites Beowulf to speak his own mind
and welcomes Beowulf and his company as guests. The ale flows and the
minstrel sings.
VIII [lines 499-558]. Hunferth [referred to in other translations as
"Unferth"], jealous of Beowulf's glory, asks Beowulf if he is the one
who was defeated by Breca, prince of the Brondings, in a swimming
contest and dares him to spend a night in the vicinity of Heorot.
Beowulf angrily replies with his own version of that youthful exploit,
telling how, with naked swords to defend themselves from the
sea-monsters, they swam together for five nights in the icy waters,
then became parted, and Beowulf was attacked by a monster who dragged
him to the bottom of the sea where Beowulf dispatched him with his
sword.
VIIII [lines 559-662]. Continuing the story Beowulf describes
successive slaughters until he killed nine of the monsters whose bodies
were washed to the shore. He himself, fatigued by battle, was borne by
the tide to the land of the Finns. Breca, he boasts, never achieved the
equal of this feat. He rails an Hunferth as a murderer of his own
brothers and as helpless before the fury of Grendel. He concludes by
boasting that he will rid Heorot of the monster. Amidst the ensuing
revelry Wealtheow, Hrothgar's queen, passes the cup first to her lord
and then to all the people. Giving the cup to Beowulf she thanks God
for his arrival. Beowulf's reply that he will conquer or dies pleases
the queen. The celebration continues until Beowulf begs leave to
retire. They all leave Beowulf alone in the hall after a parting speech
by Hrothgar expressing his confidence in the hero.
X [lines 663-709]. Beowulf removes his armor and gives his sword to his
thane, boasting that he will meet the unarmed monster on its own terms.
He then lies down to sleep with his companions around him, none of whom
expected to see home again. From afar in the night Grendel approaches.
XI [lines 710-790]. Grendel smashes open the door, bites and swallows
one of the thanes, and springs at Beowulf who seizes the monster's arm.
Grendel, never having felt such a grip, attempts to flee to the fen.
The mead-hall barely withstands the vibration caused by his struggle to
escape. The Danes are smitten with terror at Grendel's wail of defeat.
XII [lines 791-836]. Beowulf's companions draw their weapons and hack
at the monster with their blades without effect. Finally, the monster's
arm is wrenched from its socket. Bleeding to death Grendel escapes over
the moor to his lair. Beowulf fastens the arm high up near the roof of
the hall.
XIII [lines 837-924]. The next morning warriors gather from far and
near to applaud the victory and to trace the monster's footprints
across the moor to a blood-stained pool. The valor of Beowulf is
praised by all. One of the thanes introduces a tale from the Nibelungen
legend, recounting how Sigmund the Volsung with his son and nephew slew
wild beasts in the forests and how, thereafter, when the nephew Fitela
was not with him, Sigmund destroyed a great dragon with his sword and
gained a great treasure. When this story is concluded all return to
Heorot to view the wonder, the king and his queen with her maidens
joining them there.
XIIII [lines 925-990]. Hrothgar praises Beowulf's achievement and gives
glory to God. He promises to cherish Beowulf hereafter as his own
child. Beowulf responds by acknowledging his chagrin that the dead body
of Grendel is not in the hall, says that he had intended to hold his
arm until his other hand could strangle him, regrets that he broke
away, but expresses his agreement that the monster could not escape his
doom by ripping loose his arm. Hunferth is silent as all declare that
no weapon could perform what Beowulf has done with his bare hands.
XV [lines 991-1049]. The hall is cleansed, repaired, and refurnished
with new golden tapestries. A great feast is held, and Hrothgar bestows
a banner, breast-plate, and helmet upon Beowulf. After Beowulf drinks
the king's health, eight stallions are brought into the hall, each
bearing a jewelled saddle, to be added to Beowulf's trophies.
XVI [lines 1050-1124]. Hrothgar gives gifts to all of Beowulf's mean
and offers to pay gold for the man whom Grendel had killed. The gleeman
sings of a feud between the Frisians and the Danes (mentioned also in
"The Fight at Finnesburg") in the course of which the Danish Hnaef
(mentioned in "Widsith") is killed. Finn, the Frisian king, loses the
battle to the Danish Hengest and concludes a truce. A funeral pyre for
Hnaef is prepared on which Hildeburh, Danish wife of Finn, places her
own sons with great lamentation.
XVII [lines 1125-1192]. The Danish warriors return to their homes while
Hengest remains all winter with Finn. When spring returns, aided by
some of his men (who had either remained with him or had returned - the
whole passage is very obscure) Hengest breaks the truce, kills Finn,
and carries Hildeburh and much treasure back to the Danes. The gleeman
concludes his song, the celebration continues, and Wealtheow takes the
cup to Beowulf sitting between her sons Hrethric and Hrothmund.
XVIII [lines 1193-1250]. She presents Beowulf with gifts of corslet,
rings, and a magnificent collar, subsequently given to Hygelac the Goth
who wore it on his raid against the Frisians in which he was slain. She
asks him to instruct her sons and wishes him joy, prosperity, and long
life. At nightfall Hrothgar retires to his chambers while his thanes
sleep in the hall, their armor by their sides, as they did before the
ravages of Grendel.
XVIIII [lines 1251-1320]. While they are sleeping, Grendel's mother,
seeking to avenge the death of her son, enters the hall. The warriors
are roused and she departs, taking an old friend and counsellor of
Hrothgar, named Aeschere, as well as the talon of her son with her. At
dawn Beowulf, who had slept elsewhere, is summoned to attend Hrothgar.
XX [lines 1321-1382]. Hrothgar laments the death of Aeschere and
recalls the tale, oft told, of the two monsters, male and female, whose
home was a haunted pool in a wild and lonely fen. He promises Beowulf
great rewards if he will succeed in finding the monster's abode and
destroying Grendel's mother.
XXI [lines 1383-1472]. Beowulf nobly accepts the challenge. Hrothgar
mounts a horse and, accompanied by Beowulf and a band of men, rides
over the moor to a bloody pool where they see Aeschere's severed head.
Sea-monsters swim in the pool; one of them is killed and dragged
ashore. Beowulf dons his armor and grasps the sword Hrunting, loaned to
him by Hunferth.
XXII [lines 1473-1556]. He makes a parting speech, asking that if he
dies the treasures given him be bestowed upon Hygelac and the sword
returned to Hunferth. Thereupon he plunges into the water. Nearly a day
is required to reach the bottom where Grendel's mother seizes him and
drags him to her lair. There, lit by the glow of firelight, he is able
to see the monster. With a mighty blow he strikes her head, only to
find the sword Hrunting powerless to wound her. Casting the sword aside
he grips her shoulder with his hand, but by superior strength she
throws him down, kneels upon him, and tries to thrust her dagger into
his breast. Saved by his corslet, Beowulf springs to his feet.
XXIII [lines 1557-1650]. He espies a giant sword near by, seizes it,
and thrusts it into the monster's throat, killing her. Hrothgar and his
men waiting above see the pool stained with blood, conclude that
Beowulf is slain, and return home, sick at heart. Beowulf's men remain,
gazing hopelessly at the pool. Meanwhile, the blade of the giant sword
is dissolved by the venomous blood of the monster. Beowulf, clutching
the sword-hilt and the monster's severed head [here this summary of the
story seems to mix up the fact that Beowulf has killed Grendel's mother
with the fact that he cut off the dead Grendel's head -- the fact that
it is Grendel's head is clear at line 1639 -- , that it is Grendel's
blood which melt the sword and that it is Grendel's head that he brings
to the surface of the pool -- the schoolbytes.com outline makes the
same mistake in saying that it was Grendel's mother's head he carried
to the surface --], rises to the top of the pool where he is joyously
greeted by his companions. All return to Heorot where Beowulf lays the
head down in front of the king and queen.
XXIIII [lines 1651-1739]. Beowulf relates his adventure to Hrothgar and
presents him with the hilt of the sword, promising the king that all
may now sleep safely in Heorot. The hilt is described as a giant's
work, recording in runic letters the origin of the ancient war of the
giants before the flood. Hrothgar praises Beowulf and preaches to him a
sermon on the evil of pride.
XXV [lines 1740-1816]. The sermon against arrogance continues, with
Hrothgar pointing out the transitory nature of earthly things. He
concludes by inviting Beowulf to sit at the feast, promising him more
treasures in the morning. Beowulf joins the feast until, as the night
deepens, all retire to rest. Eager to return home Beowulf and his men
rise early in the morning. Beowulf returns Hrunting to Hunferth without
a word of deprecation of the sword and approaches Hrothgar to bid him
farewell.
XXVI [lines 1817-1887]. Beowulf praises Hrothgar's hospitality and
promises his own and Hygelac's assistance in case of any future need.
Hrothgar praises Beowulf's valor and wisdom and prophesies Beowulf's
future rise to kingship. Beowulf, he says, has brought peace between
their peoples. After more treasures are bestowed upon the here, he and
his thanes depart for their boat.
XXVII [lines 1888-1962]. They board the ship, sail home, and carry the
treasures to Hygelac's hall. Here is inserted a short account of Hygd,
the daughter of Haereth and queen of Hygelac, who after her husband's
death became the wife of Offa.
XXVIII [lines 1963-????]. Beowulf is greeted by Hygelac and Hygd.
Hygelac asks about his adventures, confessing to grave forebodings when
Beowulf had departed. With great brevity Beowulf touches upon his
achievements and then tells how Wealtheow distributed gifts to the
warriors while her daughter Freaware, betrothed to the son of Froda,
passed the mead-cup.
XXVIIII. The Thorpe version says here that "This entire canto is
missing, along with the last part of Canto XXVIII and the beginning of
XXX." The Chickering version and the Penguin Classics version edited by
Michael Alexander both have section XXVIIII starting at line 2039 and
section XXXI starting at line 2144 and neither version mentions section
XXX or explains why it is missing from their respective translations.
Mitchell and Robinson suggest that the numbering should be: section
XXVIIII starts with line 1999, section XXX starts with line 2039 and
section XXXI starts with line 2144.
One of my books suggests that the section numbering may have become
mixed up because the first scribe forgot to assign a number to the
Preface and didn't realize his mistake until he had passed section XX,
but since he had to eventually match up with the sections which were
already written by the second scribe he skipped one of the section
numbers.
Another reference also touched on the apparent fact that one of the
pages near the end of what had been written by the first scribe had to
hold so many words in order to fit on one page that there was no room
to write one of the section numbers.
There are several issues related to the fact that what we now refer to
as the "original" manuscript of Beowulf (contained within a manuscript
we now refer to as "Cotton Vitellius A. xv.") was written down by two
scribes who worked at the same time, the first scribe writing the first
part of the story and the second scribe writing the second part. The
two parts had to match up in pagination and section numbering, the two
scribes used different styles of handwriting and we can see in the
manuscript cases in which the second scribe has gone over and corrected
parts of what was written by the first scribe. In any case, this mixup
with the section numbering around sections XXVIIII, XXX and XXXI is one
of the things which apparently resulted from two people writing two
parts of the story at the same time.
XXX [lines ????-2143]. After a reference to a feud with the Heathobards
which will be ended by the marriage of Froda and Freaware, he resumes
in more detail the story of his fight with Grendel, the death of
Aeschere, and his conquest of Grendel's mother.
XXXI [lines 2144-2220]. He continues to describe the gifts given him by
Hrothgar, some of which he gives to Hygelac and Hygd and accepts in
return from Hygelac a precious sword that belonged to Hrethel. The
story turns suddenly to the succeeding years, mentioning the death of
Hygelac and Heardred and the accession of Beowulf to the throne. After
fifty years of wise government Beowulf is forced to confront a new
danger in the shape of a fire dragon whose concealed treasure has been
pilfered.
XXXII [lines 2221-2311]. The thief had stolen from dire necessity. The
treasure had been hidden there by some nobleman of bygone days. For
three hundred years the dragon guarded the hoard until the robber, in
trouble with his lord, stole a cup to take to his master to appease
him. The dragon discovered the theft and ravaged the dwellings round
about with fire.
XXXIII [lines 2312-2390]. The dragon vomits embers which consume
everything in their path including Beowulf's own mansion. Beowulf
orders the fashioning of an iron shield, the aging hero of Heorot not
fearing to join combat with another monster. Allusion is made to other
feats of Beowulf: how when Hygelac was killed in Friesland, Beowulf,
bearing thirty sets of armor on his back, escaped by swimming. When he
was offered the kingdom of Hygd, who had no confidence in the powers of
her son Heardred, he refused the honor and acted as advisor to Heardred
until be came of age. When the prince was slain in battle by rovers who
had overcome the king of the Scylfings, Beowulf ascended the throne.
XXXIIII [lines 2391-2459]. Further allusion is made to Beowulf's
friendship with Eadgils whom he aided. Returning to the immediate
problem, the story resumes with an account of Beowulf's going forth
with twelve companions to view the dragon, guided by the unfortunate
thief who had started the trouble. They sit some distance away from the
hoard while Beowulf calls to mind the sad story of the accidental death
of Herebeald, the oldest of Hrethel's sons, by an arrow shot from the
bow of his brother Haetheyn.
XXXV [lines 2460-2601]. Beowulf then turns to a song of the war between
the Swedes and the Goths after the death of Hrethel. In this war
Haetheyn was killed; Ongentheow was also slain at the hand of Eofer.
Beowulf then refers to his battle with Daeghrefn whom he killed. After
a brief farewell, he prepares to fight the dragon. Bearing sword and
shield he approaches the fiery blasts of the monster. He strikes with
his sword but to no avail, nor does his shield offer him as much
protection as he had hoped.
XXXVI [lines 2602-2693]. A young kinsman, Wiglaf, comes to his aid with
armor given him by Onela, heirlooms of Eanmund whom Wiglaf's father
Weohstan had killed in battle. Wiglaf calls up the others to give
assistance and dashes recklessly into the flames. Reinvigorated,
Beowulf swings his great sword Nægling at the dragon's head. The
sword breaks and the dragon fastens its fangs in Beowulf's neck.
XXXVII [lines 2694-2751]. As Beowulf bleeds, Wiglaf strikes lower at
the dragon. The fire lessens and Beowulf draws his knife and cuts the
dragon in the middle: the two blows kill the dragon. Beowulf is aware
that his death is near, caused by the venom. He sits down while Wiglaf
loosens his helmet and brings water to refresh him. Beowulf makes a
parting speech and asks Wiglaf to let him see the hoarded treasure so
that he may die more tranquilly.
XXXVIII [lines 2752-2820]. Wiglaf views the jewels, gold, bowls,
helmets, rings, and a golden banner. He returns with some of the spoil
to find Beowulf on the point of death. After bathing him with water he
listens as Beowulf gives praise to God and directs the building of a
funeral barrow on Hrones-naes. Giving Wiglaf his helmet, ring, and
byrnie, Beowulf expires.
XXXVIIII [lines 2821-2891]. The men who had retreated to the forest now
reappear and are bitterly reproached by Wiglaf.
XL [lines 2892-2945]. Wiglaf bids a messenger spread the news of
Beowulf's death. The messenger predicts that the news will bring war
with the Frisians and Franks, reminding them of a previous war with the
Swedes and the killing of Haetheyn.
XLI [lines 2946-3057]. He continues with a description of Ongentheow's
last battle with Hygelac and bids his hearers to prepare a funeral
pyre. They all go to view with amazement the dead king and the slain
dragon.
XLII [lines 3058-3136]. A homily on the evils of hoarding and the
uncertainty of life is followed by Wiglaf's eulogy of Beowulf and
directions to bring wood. Choosing seven of the best of the king's
thanes, he returns to the dragon's lair where they load a wagon with
treasure.
XLIII [lines 3137-3182]. A mighty pyre is prepared, hung with armor as
Beowulf had commanded. The immense pyre is kindled amidst universal
lament. A mound is raised on a cliff to be seen by sailors. Inside the
mound is buried the treasure as twelve warriors ride around it singing
praises of Beowulf and bemoaning his death.