Empire as political entity

Imperium

Vs. Empire as chronological period

Imperator (Emperor)

Princeps, Principate

Dominus, Dominate

Two Revolutions

"Roman", Christian

Republic corporate to Monarchy

Julius Caesar, Octavian/Augustus

Res Novae?

Republic

Monarchy = Res Privata

Romulus, 753 B.C.E.

Res Publica

SPQR (Senatus Populusque Romanus)

Senate & Cursus honorum (pathway of honors)

Annual magistracies, collegial

Quaestor, treasury

Tribune of the plebs

Plebeian "voice of the people", veto

Gracchi (130s, 120s BCE)

Aedile, utilities

Praetor, Courts

Consul

Military

Senate

Execution

People and Popular Assemblies

Comitia Centuriata

Comitia Tributa (plebeian)

Fall of Republic

Sallust

Money and ambition

Distribution of power

Gracchi

Equestrians, Italians

Political violence

Marius and Sulla

Army

loyal to imperator

Political violence

Sulla as dictator

Martial law

Proscription lists

Gn. Pompeius Strabo Magnus

Extraordinary commands

M. Licinius Crassus

Wealth

G. Julius Caesar

"First Triumvirate"

Consulship of 59 BCE

Commands

Pompey, Spain in absentia

Crassus, Syria

Caesar, Gaul

Violence in the streets: 50s BCE

Clodius and his thugs

Pompey as sole consul, 52

Caesar's intentions?

January 7, 49

Senatus Consultum Ultimum

Emergency

Martial law

January 10

"the die is cast"

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