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Modified: Mar 27
2003
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Sun/OS Unix CommandsCommand Index
List of Commands, Paths, Shortcuts, Operators
. Shortcut for current directory path usage: . as source or destination path options: none example: cp ./temp.txt ../temp.txt copies temp.txt from the current directory. example: ls ./ --lists all files in the current directory .. Shortcut for parent of current working directory path usage: .. as source or destination path options: none example: cp ../temp.txt ./temp.txt--copies temp.txt from the parent directory. example: ls ../ --lists all files in the parent directory example: cd .. --move one directory node up - Symbolizes stdin usage: - when used as input path, specifies that input will come from stdin which is the keyboard options: none example: cat - > newfile--whatever you enter from keyboard will be used as input to create the new file newfile example: gunzip -c file.tgz | tar xf - --unzip file.tgz to stdout and send it to stdin of tar ~ (tilde): Shortcut for your home path usage: ~ options: none example: cd ~ --change from current directory back to your home > Redirect stdout to a file usage: > to destination path (file) options: none example: man cat > manfiles--route manpage output for cat to a file called manfiles >> Append redirected stdout to a file usage: >> append output to an existing file options: none example: man lpr >> manfiles--append manpage output for lpr to the existing file called manfiles & Place a job in background usage: & run specified job in background options: none example: cc fix32 & --run the C compiler in background | (pipe) Route output of command to the left of it to input of the command to the right of it usage: | followed by a second process options: none example: $who | wc -l--count the number of users on the system example: ls | more--list files in current directory and display them one page at a time ("pipe stdout to more)
a2ps: Prints All (Text, PS, PDF, PCL) file types; see Printing Webpage for more options and examples usage: a2ps [options] [files] options: -Pnohole (default queue) | -P3hole | -j borders | --portrait | --landscape | -2 two-up | --prologue=fontname | -ffontsize; see "info a2ps" also example: a2ps -2 chap1.pdf--prints PDF file 2-up on no-hole paper which is default print queue acroread: Adobe Acrobat Reader for PostScript and PDF files; requires X-Windows usage: acroread [options][files] option: -help; there is no manpage example: acroread chap1.pdf--displays PDF using GUI viewer awk: Pattern scanning and processing language usage: awk [options][file] options: -f progfile read scan patterns from the file progfile example: awk '{print $1 + $2}' file1--prints sum of first 2 fields of each line in file1 bash: Bourne Again SHell usage: bash [options][args] options: see "man bash" or "info bash" example: bash script bzip2 / bzcat: GNU block-sorting compression/decompression utility usage: bzip2 / bzcat [options][files] options: -z compress | -d decompress | -s limit blocksize to reduce memory usage example: bash script c / c++ : C and C++ compilers usage: cc [options] pgm-name options: -o filename overrides default file name of a.out | -c suppress link edit | -g symbol table for dbx or gdb | -O optimize object code | -w suppress warnings example: cc myprog.c--compiles C program, placing executable in a.out example: cc myout myprog.c--compiles C program, placing executable in myout instead of a.out cal: Calendar usage: cal [[month] year]- displays the calendar for the current month options: none example: cal 1 2001--displays the January calendar for 2001
card: Prints a quick reference card for a program from its inline help usage: card [options] program options: -h displays help for card | -v display just version info | -- options for a2ps are to follow example: card perl -- -P3hole -4--prints reference card for perl on 3-hole paper, 4-up cat: Concatenate or display files usage: cat [options][files] options: -n number all lines | -b number all non-blank lines | -v output non-printing characters example: cat -n temp.txt--outputs temp.txt and numbers all lines example: cat -b temp.txt--outputs temp.txt and numbers all used lines example: cat file1--displays file1 example: cat file1 file2 > file3--creates file3 containing file1, then file2 cd: Change Directory usage: cd [directory] options: none example: cd public_html--sets public_html as current working directory example: cd--change working directory to your home directory chmod: Change access mode (permissions) of a file or directory usage: chmod [options][files] options: -f suppress error reporting | -R changes permission recursively--to all subdirectories example: chmod 777 -R public_html--changes permissions of everything in public_html to read write and execute for everyone example: chmod -777 temp--removes all permissions of file temp example: chmod a+x temp--gives All users of file temp execute access example: chmod go-r temp--removes read access for Group and Others users of file temp cmp: Compares two files usage: cmp [options][file1][file2] options: -l print byte number and difference | -s silent except for return code example: cmp a.out old-prog.out--compares 2 executables example: cmp -s a.out old-prog.out--compares 2 executables but only output return codes example: cmp stat.txt proj-132.txt--compares 2 text files and display the differences
col: Filter out reverse-linefeeds from stdin usage: col [options] options: -b remove backspaces example: man awk | col -b | enscript -P3hole -U2--takes manpage for awk, removes backspace directives and prints the manpage with enscript 2-up on 3-hole paper compress / uncompress: Compress file using Lempel-Ziv; uncompress file; output placed in file.Z usage: compress/uncompress [options][file1][file2] options: -c write to stdout instead of file | -f force compression/decompression example: compress book.pdf cp: Copy a file, creating a new file usage: cp [file1] [file2] options: -r recursive, copy directory | -i interactive, prompts user to overwrite. example: cp temp1.txt temp2.txt--copies temp1.txt to new file temp2.txt example: cp -i temp2.txt temp1.txt--asks if you are sure you want to copy over temp1.txt See also scp about cross-machine copies. crypt: Encodes (encrypts) or decodes a file usage: crypt [options][file] options: password example: crypt key < clear.file > encrypted.file example: crypt key < encrypted.file | lpr csh: C Shell scripting language usage: csh[options][args] options: -i force interactive mode | -n parse commands without executing them | -v print input lines as read | -x print commands as executed example: csh -n clean-script--parse but don't run the script, looking for errors cvs: File version-control system usage: cvs [options][files] options: see manpage
date: Displays date and time usage: date - displays the date according to the system clock; returns day, date, time options: -u display Greenwich Mean (universal) Time date dbx: Debugger for C, C++ and Fortran usage: dbx [options][executable, core-file, or process-ID] options: see manpage ddd: GNU GUI interface for dbx, gdb and other debuggers usage: ddd [options][executable, core-file, or process-ID] options: see manpage del: del is an AIX-only command; rm is the SunOS equivalent diff: Compares files or whole directories usage: diff [options] [file1 or dir1] [file2 or dir2] options: -b ignore trailing blanks | -w ignore whitespace | -i ignore case of letters | -l long format, files summarized | -r recursively compare subdirectories example: diff -l ../printing ../archive--summarize differences between these two directories display: ImageMagick software which displays a file (PDF, JPEG, etc.) using X-Windows usage: display [options][files] options: see manpage example: display party.jpg
du: Disk Usage summary by file or directory structure usage: du [options][files] options: -a make an entry for each file | -s display grand total only example: du -s--prints summary for current directory; also see ezquota elm: Line-oriented mail system; reads mail on local machine only; cannot do IMAP usage: elm [options][address] options: see manpage emacs: Editor usage: emacs [options][file] options: see "info emacs" enscript: Converts text file to PostScript and prints; see Printing Webpage for more options and examples usage: enscript [options][files] options: -Pnohole (default queue) | -P3hole | -j borders | --portrait | --landscape | -U2 two-up | -ffontname_fontsize; see manpage also example: man grep | enscript -j -U2--route manpage for grep to enscript for printing 4-up with a border ezquota / quota: Quota displays storage quota and usage; locally-written ezquota displays email and storage quotas and usage amounts usage: ezquota / quota options: -v (for quota) f77 / f90 / g77: Fortran compiler; g77 is GNU version (see "info g77") usage: f77 options: -o filename overrides default file name of a.out | -c suppress link edit | -g symbol table for dbx | -O optimize object code | -w suppress warnings example: f77 -o fixed file.f--compile file.f and name executable "fixed"
fetchmail: Email retrieval utility; can do IMAP and POP; cannot read email (see mail or pine for that ability) usage: fetchmail [options][addresses] options: see manpage example: fetchmail--to invoke the Fetchmail email system file: Tries to determine the type of file usage: file [file] option: -h don't follow symbolic link find: Find files that match certain criteria usage: find [criteria] [options] [files] options: see "info find" example: find $HOME -name '#*'--find all files with names beginning with pound sign ftp: File Transfer Protocol See sftp finger / ph: These commands do not exist on this system. Same functionality can be obtained with pplinfo. g++ / gcc: GNU version of C and C++ usage: g++ / gcc [options][files] options: -o filename overrides default file name of a.out | -c suppress link edit | -g symbol table for gdb | -O optimize object code | -w suppress warnings See manpage or "info g++" or "info gcc" gdb: GNU debugger for C, C++ and Fortran usage: dbx [options][executable, core-file, or process-ID] options: see manpage
grep: Search for a pattern in file or files usage: grep options: -b precede each line by the line number | -c count number of times found | -i ignore case of letters | -l print only names of files with line#s | -n print line# with line of text | -x match full lines example: grep -c alias .cshrc--counts the number of aliases in .cshrc example: grep -b alias .cshrc--shows where the aliases are in .cshrc example: grep -l main *--print names of files in current directory containing main groff: Document-formatting tool usage: groff [options][files] options: see manpage gv: Ghostview - PDF and PS previewer; requires X-Windows usage: gv [options][file] options: see manpage example: gs chap1.pdf head: Display file to up to point specified usage: head [end line] [file] option: -n the first n lines will be displayed on stdout example: head -3 .cshrc--displays first 3 lines of .cshrc history: Displays a chronologic list of the last n commands you've entered usage: history to display history usage: !! to recall last command (can be used for re-execution of command) options: see manpage example: set history=100--to save a stack of 100 commands hottip: Locally produced "mini-manpages" with information relevant to certain applications like printing, batch processing, compilers, xdisk usage. usage: hottip displays a list for which there are hottip topics usage: hottip [topic] displays local usage information example: hottip Matlab icon: Locally-written, high-level language for processing data structures and character strings; see Icon Homepage info: GNU Project hypertext documentation utility usage: info [command] options: "info c/r" gives directory of commands for which there is info; "info info" gives documention on the use of the utility example: info a2ps--to get GNU's documentation on the a2ps print utility
kill: Terminate a process usage: kill [options][process-id] options: -9 to terminate; using "0" for the PID kills all your processes example: kill -9 0--sends kill signal to processes started since login javac / java: Java compiler and code processor usage: javac / java [options][files] options: see manpage example: java jcode--execute the Java program ksh: Korn SHell usage: ksh [options][file] options: see manpage example: ksh kscript lint: C source program checker usage: lint [options][file] options: -p check for portability | -b report unreachable breaks example: lint -p special.c--check code for portability lp: Print file usage: lp [-ddestination] [file] send file to line printer options: -m send mail after printing | -c copies file before printing example: lp temp.txt--prints temp.txt to default printer lpq: Display jobs in a print queue usage: lpq [options][-Pprintqueue]; if print queue is not specified, contents of default queue is displayed; get print-job# with this command needed to cancel a print job (see lprm) option: -l give long format example: lpq -l -P3hole--give long info on the "3hole" print queue
lpr: Print text or PostScript output to printer; see Printing Webpage for more options and examples options: -Pnohole (default queue) | -P3hole; see manpage also example: lpr chap1.pdf--prints PDF file on default print queue lprm: Remove job from print queue usage: lprm [options][files] options: - remove all your jobs | -Pprintqueue indicate specific queue | job# indicate specific job (use lpq to get job#) example: lprm -Pnohole 412--remove job 412 from the nohole print queue lpstat: Gives status of print jobs generated via the lp command usage: lpstat [options] options: see manpage example: lpstat -pnohole--gives printer status of nohole print queue ls: Displays information about a directory (including descendants) or files; wildcards supported usage: ls [options] [names]--names may be file or directory options: -a lists all entries, including .files (hidden) | -F labels directories(/), binaries(*), links(@) | -l give detailed info on each entry | -R recursively print subdirectories | -t display contents of directory sorted by time-modifi ed | -s display size in KB example: ls -la ~/ --gives detailed info on all hidden and regular descendants of your home directory example: ls -F ~/ --flags descendants as subdirectories, executables, links mail: Send or receive email; reads mail on local machine only; cannot do IMAP usage: mail [options] [users] options: see manpage
man: Display "manual" info on a command; there are multiple levels or "sections" of commands--C, Fortran, and their commands, in general, come from the section "(3C++)" but system commands come from section "(1)"; s ee "printenv MANPATH" for the paths searched for manpages usage: man [options] [command] options: -k word shows names of all manpages that contain word | -a shows all manpages for this command from all sections | -M manpath shows the manpage from this specific path | -s section# shows the manpage from this specific section example: man a2ps | lpr--prints the a2ps manpage on the default printer (duplex, nohole) example: man -s 1 sort--displays info on sort from "section 1" (the Unix system's path) instead of "section 3C++" (the C++ path) which is the default for this command example: man -M /usr/share/man sort--displays info on sort from this explicit path (which overrides the default and effectively does the same as the previous command) example: man -a sort--displays info on sort from both section "3C++" and from "section 1" (the Unix system's path) example: man man--gives the manpage on man for complete information on its use (there's only a single level--no C++ version--of this command) mkdir: Make directory usage: mkdir [dir] - makes directory with name dir options: -m allows you to set properties to the directory | -p allows you to create more then one directory at a time example: mkdir -p ~/first_dir/new_dir--creates new_dir inside of a new directory first_dir example: mkdir new_dir--makes new_dir inside the current directory more / less / pg: Display file usage: more [file] - displays the contents of a file in ASCII; use spacebar to advance by page, Enter to advance by line options: -c clear before displaying | -d display error messages | "h" gives help | "b" back example: more -c temp.txt--clears display then prints contents of file temp.txt mutt: Mail User Agent; can do IMAP but not POP usage: mutt [options][users] options: see manpage
mv: Move file under a directory structure or to new file name; original (source) file will be gone usage: mv [file] [dir]--moves file under existing directory dir options: -f force copy over any existing file by that name | -i prompts user to copy over files example: mv temp.txt dir/ --moves temp.txt into directory dir/ example: mv -f temp.txt dir/ --moves temp.txt into directory dir/ erasing old temp.txt if it exists example: mv -i temp.txt dir/ --moves temp.txt into directory dir/ but asking before overwriting old temp.txt if it exists usage: mv [file1] [file2]--moves file1 to file2 example: mv temp.txt temp2.txt--renames temp.txt to temp2.txt example: mv -f temp.txt temp2.txt--renames temp.txt erasing old temp2.txt if it exists ne: Full-screen text editor usage: ne [options][file] options: see manpage nedit: GUI text editor which requires X-Windows usage: nedit [options][file] options: see manpage nice: Run a command with modified priority usage: nice -n[value] [command] options: -nn--sets priority to n--value may range from 1 to 19 with 1 being highest priority and 10 the default example: nice -n 1 mysort--run the mysort program at the highest priority nroff: Formats text usage: nroff [options] [files] options: see manpage example: nroff file | more--format file then display it pack / unpack: Compress/expand a file usage: pack / unpack [options][file]--file may be an entire directory; produces output called file.z (versus ".Z" with compress); use unpack to expand file(s) options: -f force packing even if some files in directory would not benefit example: pack pdf.files/--pack the contents of the subdirectory, replacing each file with its compressed ".z" equivalent
passwd: Change password usage: passwd - brings up dialogue that allows you to change your password options: see manpage pbs: Portable Batch System - allows submission, monitoring, and control of batch jobs on one or more systems usage: see manpage perl: Perl language compiler usage: perl [options][program] options: see manpage pgp: Pretty Good Privacy encryption system for email and data files usage: pgp [options][file] options: see manpage pico: Full-screen (not GUI) text editor usage: pico [options][file] options: see manpage example: pico print-script--to edit the text file print-script pine: Program for Internet News and Email email utility; can do IMAP but not POP usage: pine [options][addresses] options: see manpage example: pine--to invoke the pine email system
ping: Sends packets to a network host usage: ping [host] [timeout] (default for timeout is 20 seconds) options: timeout period in seconds example: ping 123.123.123.123 5--ping this IP address but give up after 5 seconds pplinfo: Locally-written utility that displays whitepage people information usage: pplinfo [search-option] options: phone number | first and/or last names | full email address | entering pplinfo alone displays help information example: pplinfo burrito--returns whitepage info on all occurences of first or last name "burrito" printenv: Display current settings of environment variables usage: printenv [variable]--if no environment variable is specified, all are displayed options: none example: printenv HOST--displays the name of the host on which you're running example: printenv MANPATH--displays the hierarchy of paths searched for manpages procmail: Mail processor usage: procmail [options][users] options: see manpage ps: Display processes usage: ps - displays running processes options: -u [user] display processes for user | -a display all processes example: ps--displays info about your process example: ps -u homer--displays all processes owned by homer example: ps -a--displays all processes running pwd: Print working directory usage: pwd - displays current directory path options: none
rlogin: Remote Login See ssh rm: Removes file(s) usage: rm [file] options: -i confirms erase | -r recursive erase example: rm -r cs120--deletes everything under cs120 and then cs120 itself rmdir: Removes empty directory usage: rmdir [dir] - removes directory same as "rm -r dir" options: -p remove any parent directories which become empty because of this remove | -s suppress error msgs resulting from -p option example: rmdir -p cs120-1998/--remove this directory and any of its empty parents scp: Secure remote copy usage: scp file options: example: scp script: Stores current computing session in a file ("typescript" by default); Ctl_D to end logging usage: script [options] [file] options: -a append current session info to file example: script 6.21-log--store session log in file called 6.21-log sed: Stream editor for text usage: sed [options][file] options: -e efile use edit commands found in efile | -s sfile run script commands found in sfile | -n suppress output example: sed sendmail: Mail utility usage: sendmail [options][addresses] options: see manpage
setenv: Set environmental variables usage: setenv depends on shell options: see manpage example: setenv SHELL=/bin/bash--override the default SHELL setting to use the bash shell setup: Local utility that establishes the paths and libraries needed by certain installed software. See the Installed Software list. Note that some software no longer requires setup to run properly. usage: setup [application] options: -h for help | -l for list of applications that can be setup example: setup ncar sftp: Secure file transport which performs its operations over an encrypted SSH transport usage: sftp [options] [hostname | user@host] options: -v raise logging level | -C enable compression | -o ssh-option specify option to be passed to SSH example: sftp caterpillar.arizona.edu--initiate secure FTP session with the host caterpillar.arizona.edu sh: Bourne Shell usage: sh [options] [args] options: see manpage example: sh -u--treat unset variables henceforth as errors rather than as nulls ssh: Secure shell for remote logins; download this software at Sitelicense usage: ssh [-l login_name] [hostname | user@hostname] [command] options: see manpage example: ssh my-acct@u.arizona.edu--login as my-acct on the host u.arizona.edu
tail: Display file from a certain point usage: tail [location] [file] options: +n display n from beginning; -n display n from end of file example: tail--displays last screen's worth of .cshrc example: tail -10 .cshrc--displays last 10 lines of .cshrc tar: "Tape Archiver"; bundles a collection of files into one unit ("tarfile") for archiving or transmitting usage: tar [options][tarfile][files] options: see manpage example: tar cf - . | gzip -c > test.tar.gz--bundles everything in the current directory, compresses it with gzip, creating a file called test.tar.gz example: tar xvf files.tar--extracts files fromfiles.tar tcsh: C shell with file-name completion and command line editing usage: tcsh [options][args] options: see manpage tee: Reproduces stdout in a file so that all the commands you enter and what is displayed as responses are logged usage: tee [options][file] options: -a append to output file file example: tee 6.21-log--begin logging what you enter into the file 6.21-log telnet: Connect to another computer See ssh tex / latex: Text formatting and typesetting languages usage: see manpages
touch: Change file access and modification times usage: touch [options] files - creates a blank file, or updates existing file options: -c do not create file if it does not exist | -t use time specified example: touch new.txt creates file new.txt example: touch -c new.txt--updates new.txt node information to current time but does not create new.txt troff: text formatting and typesetting language usage: see manpage uname: Display host name and info of current system usage: uname options: -r print OS release level | -a prints basic info | -s prints the name of the OS (default) example: uname unix2dos / dos2unix: File converters; takes Unix end-of-line characters and converts them to DOS end-of-line characters and vice versa usage: unix2dos [options] [file] options: -iso (default) uses ISO characters for Unix files | -ascii uses ASCII characters for Unix files example: unix2dos u-file d-file--converts ISO end-of-line characters in the Unix file u-file to DOS end-of-character files in the new file d-file uudeview: decodes binary files encoded by uuencode and BinHex usage: uudeview [options] [files] options: see manpage uuencode / uudecode: Encode/decode binary file for mail transmit; uudecode can process files packaged by uuencode, compress and tar usage: uuencode / uuencode [source-file] [destination-file] options: example: uuencode fin final | mail--encode the file fin, storing the result in final and piping that file to the mail utility
vi: Full-screen editor (not GUI) usage: vi [file] options: -r retrieve last version of file after crash | -wn set window size to n example: vi cleanup-script wc: Word Count usage: wc [option] [file] options: -l count the lines in the file | -w count the words | -c count the bytes | -m count characters | -lwc is the default example: wc freditor--count the lines, words and bytes of the file what: Displays a one-line summary (the header line) of a command's manpage usage: what [command] options: none example: whatis whatis--summarizes the whatis command whereis: Find path where source, executable or manpage reside which: Find path of executable usage: whereis(which) [options][file] options: -b binaries only | -m manpages only | -s source only example: whereis c321x--locates any source, binary and manpage on c321x example: whereis -m a2ps--look for location of manpage on a2ps who / whoami: List people logged on to computer or how you are logged on usage: who usage: whoami
xdisk: Allocates temporary storage usage: xdisk [options] options: enter 'xdisk' to see list of options or see xdisk webpage example: xdisk create--allocates space of 100MB at /xdisk/$USER for 10 days (this amount and retention can change) xv: Interactive image display; uses X-Windows usage: xv [options][files] options: example: xv picture.jpg xview: OpenWindows toolkit usage: not a command but a toolkit; see manpage zcat / gzip / gunzip: GNU utilities to compress/uncompress files usage: zcat / gzip / gunzip [options][files] options: see manpages zcmp / zdiff: Compares compressed files usage: zcmp / zdiff [options][files] options: use the options for cmp with zcmp and for diff with zdiff zip / unzip: Compress and package/extract and uncompress files usage: zip / unzip [options][files] options: see manpage |
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