Economic control/imperialism
Navigation Acts (1651-1696)
money and the balance of trade
British policy & imperial problem for colonists
American (local) problem of liquidity and expedients
land banks/loan offices
governmental (public) problems and currency finance
British government/Board of Trade policy
Currency Act of 1751
Political control and the Glorious Revolution
Dominion of New England (1685-1688)
threatened changes in English government
Glorious Revolution (1688) and constitutional monarchy
principles won or confirmed
equal or parallel forms of government
legacy of ambiguities
colonialism/imperialism and representative government?
Navigation Acts and English rights?
continuing problems (1689-1720): reconciling Commons and Crown
solution
effects of constitutional solution (patronage) on colonies
economic: effect on Navigation Acts enforcement
government: e.g. colonial governors
Political Critique/Ideology
parody of Walpole and Whig
party
analysis
balanced government/constitution
"corruption"
political parties
independence (personal)
American opinion
Massachusetts (background)
political cliques & adversaries
Hutchinsons & Olivers vs. Otises & Adamses
clashes
land bank vs. silver bank (1741-'42)
chief justiceship (1760)
writs of assistance
genealogy
Stamp act moderation--Hutchinson
economic and social trouble in Boston
wars, fatalities, poverty and taxes
disorder, rioiting
1764, 1765 riots
Ebenezer Macintosh and the "mob"/"Sons of Liberty"
other resistance groups
John Wilkes and "Liberty" (1763-1769)
"North
Briton" #45
prosecutions
exile,
return, trial & conviction
St.
George's Fields "massacre" (May 1768)
elections
(1769)
issues
or principles
Army in Boston
quartering
desertions
courts
propaganda and the press
harassment
Non-Importation/Boycott (1767-1770)
operation and difficulties
NO depression
fair application--universal sacrifice
effectiveness and success (?)
British
politics, attitudes, & change of government
repeal of (some) taxes and its causes
legacy of distrust
John Mein and "free" press
First Midterm Exam (Feb. 25. Monday)
Resistance and Local Politics in Pennsylvania
preface
(1748-1764)
political alignment in Pa.
Thomas Penn (proprietor & executive)
Benjamin Franklin (legislative)
Lt.-governor
VS
House of Representatives/assembly
proprietary clique
Quaker Party
power contest
appropriation and spending (1748+), property taxes (1755)
French and Indian War crisis (1755+)
Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), Conestoga massacres (Dec.), and Paxton march or riot
(Feb. 1764)
Franklin's "spin" & Penn's "conspiracy"
Campaign for royal government in Pa. (1764-1768)
public relations and petitions
election failure of 1764
politics of ingratiation
Stamp Act and collectors
quiet in Philadelphia
Townshend episode
Circular Letter and Hillsborough's reply
failure of campaign (1768)
sequel: Franklin remakes self
legacy: disorder in Pa.
politics
Hiatus, 1770-1773
Pennsylvania vs Connecticut: Wyoming Valley contest
links: Lazrus Stewart, Indian relations, and the Susquehanna Company
Pennamite "war," 1769-1775
Pennsylvania vs Virginia
Ohio lands and conflicts
New York vs Massachusetts
Vermont lands
Tea
consumption and smuggling
Tea Party episode
East
Indian Company Act origins (1773)
reception in
America
extraordinary
Boston
reputation for hypocrisy
tea imports
Hutchinson-Whatley letters (June 1773)
tea agents in Boston
confrontation
and dumping of tea (Dec. 16, 1773)
English
reaction
Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts (March-June 1774)
Massachusetts
reaction to Coercive Acts (summer-fall 1774)
revolution
First Continental Congress
origin:
"conservatives" & merchants in New York
At
Congress (Sept-Oct. 1774)
Massachusetts-Virginia "axis" (1774-1780)
cajoling Galloway/Plan of Union
adoption of Suffolk Resolves (Oct. 8)
Continental Association adopted (Oct. 20)
adjournment (Oct. 22)
radical triumph
Continental Association
transfer of sovereignty
Virginia and Revolution
speculation in Ohio Valley lands
personal
independence and political ideology
honor and
etiquette of debt
Virginia debt
crisis
the Engish
conspiracy
Revolution at Home--Pennsylvania (Jan-July 1776)
Preface
reapportionment of Pa House of Representatives
May 1 election and failure
Main Effort
Congress meddles
May 10 and 15 resolutions (Middlekauff, p. 330)
rage of the moderates
Pa radicals conspire
Pa House stymied (June)--boycotted
concedes to Congress (June 8)
new
boycott! and adjournment (June 14)
revelation
Votes on Independence (July 1, 2)
Lectures hereafter are on the final exam
New Regime in Pennsylvania (June 18+)
preparations for a new
state government
Conference (June 18)
composition
rules for state constitution convention
franchise and oaths: widened and narrowed
Pennsylvania constitutional
convention
election to: misapportionment
preliminary business
new state constitution
franchise, elections, offices
ratification?
revenge of the opposition
Meaning of 1776 and the Revolution
"Novus Ordo Seclorum"
(Meaning of Revolution, Part I)
Manifestos:
Tom Paine, "Common Sense"
Jefferson, "Declaration of Independence"
Old Order
hierarchy (monarchy and aristocracy)
hereditary status/attributed status
universal deference
New Order (liberal)
natural rights;life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
particular deference and many hierarchies
Republicanism (Meaning of Revolution, Part II.)
models/history lessons: ancient republics and republicans
community (common good, public interest) vs. individualism
republican virtues or ideals
property and leisure
agricultural society
` personal independence
monarchical order and power vs. republican order
laws, courts, punishment, state church, standing army
conflicting values
republicanism and community vs. individualism and pursuit of personal
happiness
Adam
Smith, "Wealth of Nations" (1776)
reconciling conflicting values
Slavery, Abolition, and the Revolution
slavery in the language of the Revolution
American responses
Thomas Jefferson
paradoxes
color, beauty
racial mixing
chain of being
colonization
nature versus nurture
nature: species, monogenesis, polygenesis
environmental debate and examples
Abolition: "runaway" emancipation
Abolition in South: private and runaways
Abolition in North: public
judicial (Mass., 1781)
statutory and gradual
Pennsylvania (1780)
resistance
the law: gradual
early decline of slavery
other Northern states
Constitution and slavery
characterizing the framers/compromising
3/5 clause
slave trade
other provisions
The Economy and Divisions in Politics and People in
Pennsylvania, 1779
price rise
agitation and protests
price controls (May 1779)
protests and competing economic theories: public interest versus free markets
complexity of controls and factions produced
"Ft. Wilson" riot (Oct. 5, 1779)
end of controls (fall 1779)
division in the radicals/Constitutionalist Party
Paine's surprising realignment
Financing the Revolution: national versus state power
paper currency ($226M)
commissary and quartermaster certificates ($95M)
loan certificates (bonds) (about $60M)
foreign loans ($2.3M in specie)
power shifts
1775-1779 national power
1779-1781 state power
specific supplies, army pay, and redemption of commissary certificates
1782-1784 national resurgence
Robert Morris, Superintendent of Finance
problem: Articles of Confederation
Morris's program
no supplies, pay, or redemption of certificates
specie from states
impost tax
Bank of North America
outcomes
debt collected by U.S. government
1783-1787 state resurgence
dismantling Morris, redistributing the debt
Constitutional convention
Bank of North America
public and private character
assets
specie-backed currency
fear of depreciation
loan policy and practice
Pa. taxes--1782
European investors' and bankers' opinions
jeopardy & liability of American speculators
` Constitution
Hamilton's program (1791)
funding the U.S. debt
assuming and funding the states' debts
"full faith and credit"
Ratification
Pennsylvania and ratification
the vote in the U.S.
Hamilton (Federalist Paper, #35) and the vote
Madison (Federalist Paper,
#10) and divisions